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Established in 2004, Maori Television has had a major impact on the New Zealand broadcasting landscape. But over the past year or so, the politics of Maori Television have been brought to the foreground of public consciousness, with other media outlets tracking Maori Television's search for a new CEO, allegations of editorial intervention and arguments over news reporting approaches to Te Kohanga Reo National Trust.Based on a Marsden Grant and three years of interviews with key stakeholders – staff, the Board, other media, politicians, funders and viewers – this is a deep account of Maori Television in its first ten years. Jo Smith argues that today's arguments must be understood within a broader context shaped by non-Maori interests. Can a Maori broadcaster follow both tikanga and the Broadcasting Standards Authority? Is it simply telling the news in Maori, or broadcasting the news with a Maori perspective? How can it support te reo Maori at the same time as appeal to all New Zealand? How does it function as the voice of its Maori stakeholders?Offering five frameworks to address the challenges of a Maori organisation working within a wider non-Maori context, this is a solidly researched examination of Maori Television's unique contribution to the media cultures of Aotearoa New Zealand.

It is near impossible to have a discussion of black women in reality television without mentioning the infamous Angry Black Woman (ABW). In fact, some critiques have argued reality television is damaging for black women since many shows focus heavily on this character. 1 This stereotypical characterization of black women is long-standing, due largely to its constant inclusion in media messages. As noted in chapter one, audiences were first officially introduced to her in the 1920s as Sapphire Stevens from the Amos ‘n’ Andy Show ; and her character continued to resurface throughout the years, across several different genres. Despite the many time periods through which this image has traveled, the key characteristic of the Sapphire— her unexplainable anger and aggression— seem to resonate in many modern day images of black women.

This study critically assesses the Chinese online games industry through problematizing the creativity of Chinese games. I find that between 1995 and 2001, Chinese online games were mostly developed by amateurs, noncommercial, and considerably creative. Between 2002 and 2005, industrial growth allowed some room for local creativity despite commercialization and dominance of imported games. Current scholarly, business, and media discourses unfairly ignore creativity in these first two periods and yet praise the Chinese game industry’s commercial success since the late 2000s. I challenge these discourses by illustrating that between 2006 and early 2009, a new, ethically dubious, and uniquely Chinese business model emerged, became domestically dominant, and quietly and profoundly impacted on global online game design. From mid-2009 to 2015, there is ongoing corporatization based on the dubious Chinese business model on the one hand, and a reemphasis on creativity motivated by browser and mobile game formats on the other.

Since the late 1990s, there has been a crucial and substantial transformation in China’s television system involving institutional, structural and regulatory changes. Unravelling the implications of these changes is vital for understanding the politics of Chinese media policy-making and regulation, and thus a comprehensive study of this history has never been more essential. This book studies the transformation of the policy and regulation of the Chinese television sector within a national political and economic context from 1996 to the present day. Taking a historical and sociological approach, it engages in the theoretical debates over the nature of the transformation of media in the authoritarian Chinese state; the implications of the ruling party’s political legitimacy and China’s central-local conflicts upon television policy-making and market structure; and the nature of the media modernisation process in a developing country. Its case studies include broadcasting systems in Shanghai and Guangdong, which demonstrate that varied polices and development strategies have been adopted by television stations, reflecting different local circumstances and needs. Arguing that rather than being a homogenous entity, China has demonstrated substantial local diversity and complex interactions between local, national and global media, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of Chinese media, politics and policy, and international communications.

La perspectiva de la modernidad/colonialidad provee un encuadre alternativo para los debates sobre la modernidad, la globalización y el desarrollo desde la periferia latinoamericana del sistema mundo moderno colonial. Las ideas que se exponen en el presente artículo, proporcionan un guía de lectura frente a los principales rasgos del entramado conceptual que rodea a este lugar de enunciación del conocimiento. La perspectiva modernidad/colonialidad aporta una reflexión sobre la cultura y diferentes planos de la realidad social y política, nutrida en debates académicos sustentados no desde una perspectiva intra-epistémica, como los discursos críticos europeos, sino desde la mirada de los receptores de los supuestos beneficios del mundo moderno. Se presenta así un contexto para interpretar Latinoamérica, entendida más como un espacio epistémico y de producción de conocimiento, que como una región objeto de conocimientos pre-establecidos.

"En Amérique latine comme ailleurs, la critique postcoloniale apparaît comme une condition pour le renouvellement des dialogues interculturels orientés vers la construction d'une modernité alternative, ou d'une vraie postmodernité, fondée sur une autre manière d'habiter la terre, moins dévastatrice pour la nature comme pour les humains. Reprenant d'une manière inédite la perspective ouverte au XXe siècle par des auteurs comme José Carlos Mariátegui, Alberto Flores Galindo, Pablo González Casanova ou René Zavaleta, les études postcoloniales latino-américaines contribuent à la critique d'un modèle culturel, social et politique fondé sur le clivage traditionnel entre la " civilisation " et la "barbarie". Articulée initialement par un versant de la modernité européenne qui trouvera au XVIIIe siècle une forme systématique dans l'anthropologie des Lumières (M. Duchet), cette dichotomie a été au départ la matrice idéologique de la domination coloniale européenne, et, plus tard, de celle des nouvelles élites " républicaines " attelées à la tâche de construire l'unité sociale et politique sur la base du modèle européen de l'État-nation. Au XIXe siècle et durant une bonne partie du XXe, l'unité de la "Nation" est imaginée de telle manière qu'elle implique l'exclusion de la différence culturelle dans l'espace public. Or, depuis les quatre dernières décennies, les nouvelles formes de la mobilisation indienne et la renaissance des identités afro-américaines participent à la crise des modèles identitaires établis et au surgissement, dans divers domaines du culturel et du politique, de manières inédites d'imaginer l'identité (subjective, sociale, culturelle, nationale) et d'assumer la diversité culturelle (inter-culturalité, multiculturalismes, indianisation) dans la sphère publique. Le présent ouvrage propose un aperçu des problématiques, recherches et discussions actuelles sur le postcolonial en Amérique latine, en prenant comme fil conducteur les processus de reconfiguration identitaire liés à l' " émergence indienne " et au renouveau actuel des identités afro-américaines."--Page 4 de la couverture.

Este trabajo trata sobre artes visuales modernas y contemporáneas en América latina. Como ejes trasversales del texto se plantea: la decolonialidad y la antropofagia crítica. Parte desde la problematización de las estéticas decoloniales y la revisión histórica del arte latinoamericano del siglo XX, primero modernista luego posmoderno, desde una aproximación decolonial. Su intención es analizar si la opción decolonial es viable para artes visuales. Pretende analizar la propuesta de la decolonialidad, así como sus límites y sus principales riesgos. Además de establecer puentes con la ética posmoderna y la ética latinoamericana. En el capítulo dos trata como eje principal la antropofagia, tanto como movimiento artístico moderno, como propuesta de producción y aproximación crítica, cultural y artística. Mira a la antropofagia como proceso y como metodología posmoderna de resistencia. Bajo estos parámetros analiza la obra de tres artistas modernistas latinoamericanos: Joaquín Torres García, Tarsila do Amaral y Wilfredo Lam. Luego, y a partir de esta aproximación, en el capítulo tres se plantea el análisis crítico a una práctica artística: la muestra ARTNIVORA (2011) del colectivo femenino de arte La emancipada en Quito. Analiza en esta muestra, como el colectivo emplea la antropofagia crítica para buscar un argumento de emancipación de género. En esta muestra de arte actual, las estrategias de la apropiación y la cita contemporáneas son leídas como una práctica antropofágica. La intención es presentar un diferente punto de vista para la producción y la apreciación de las artes visuales y plásticas contemporáneas latinoamericanas, tanto obras de arte, como el trabajo creativo y los procesos de sus autores y autoras. El texto plantea la importancia del sentido de pertenencia con la localidad en la expresión de arte visual, si bien emplea un lenguaje cuyos códigos pueden ser leídos internacionalmente, su anclaje es su localidad y problemáticas insertas en un contexto local.

In this essay, I aim to engage the growing body of scholarship that employs Indigenous feminist theories to understand and mobilize against the sexual and gendered violence committed against Native peoples. To accomplish this, I construct a Native feminist analysis of the 2010 Tribal Law and Order Act. I posit that despite the overwhelmingly positive characterizations of the legislation as “historic” in its potential to address violence against Native women and reduce crime in Indian country, a Native feminist reading of the Tribal Law and Order Act illuminates the degree to which the Act emerges from, engages with, and advances settler colonial and heteropatriarchal logics that cause violence against Native women in the first place. I suggest that although the Act does contain measures that have the potential to alleviate the experience of violence in Native women’s lives, it also diminishes tribal sovereignty, perpetuates the ongoing encroachment of tribal jurisdiction, regulates the boundaries of Native identity, and limits our ability to envision and enact practices of decolonization.

El espesor de este libro es propio de este tiempo. Cuerpos que se desplazan en masivas inmigraciones huyendo de todo tipo de violencias alcanzan a más de sesenta millones de personas, la mayor cifra de refugiados desde la segunda guerra mundial. El mundo experimenta una crisis humanitaria sobrecogedora ante la cual las potencias apelan a los mismos discursos que ya Aimé Césaire o Fanon condenaran. Dramatismo del exilio de este nomadismo a escala planetaria, al cual Stuart Hall calificaría como “amensia imperial”. Genealogías críticas de la colonialidad en América Latina, África, Oriente es un libro que deja al descubierto la piel del mundo contemporáneo. Un hecho cultural disruptivo que, anudado a una genealogía latinoamericana abierta a sí misma y hacia Otros Sures se interroga sobre los intrincados modos de narrar y silenciar los pasados coloniales.

This article addresses the proliferation of images and appearances in the realm of e-sports culture in urban China. The author’s findings are based upon ethnographic research and participant observation of e-sports audience members, teams, and tournaments, including the 2010 E-sports Champion League tournament in Beijing, the 2012 and 2013 World Cyber Games Festivals in Kunshan, and a 2014 Starcraft II tournament in Shanghai. A comparison of these events leads the author to argue that live e-sports events in China are less about spectatorship than they are about creating a spectacle that presents a carefully crafted vision of Chinese politics, nationalism, and capitalist consumer culture. In these cases, the participants and audience members are not only commodities to be sold but also a means of masking contradictory and highly ambivalent discourses about China’s role in technological production, digital game culture, and the promotion of the discourse of Internet addiction.

En esta conversación se indaga por la cuestión decolonial de la estética, sus puntos de origen históricos y geográficos, además de sus posibilidades en el contexto de reconfiguración actual del orden mundial. Desde esta perspectiva, se pretende aclarar en qué consiste la opción decolonial, respecto de otras opciones, sin olvidar cuestiones importantes del arte, la historia, el museo, la curaduría y sus implicaciones éticas, políticas y epistémicas. Cette conversation touche à la question de l’esthétique décoloniale, de ses points d’origine historiques et géographiques et de ses possibilités dans le contexte de la reconfiguration actuelle de l’ordre mondial. Dans cette perspective, l’objectif est de clarifier l’option décoloniale par rapport à d’autres options — sans oublier les questions importantes de l’art, de l’histoire, des musées, de la mission du curateur — et ses implications éthiques, politiques et épistémiques.

"Qui était Zacharie Vincent, aussi connu, à l'époque, sous le nom de Tehariolin? Peu de gens le savent. Il s'agit pourtant d'une figure incontournable, considérée comme le premier peintre autochtone moderne. Le présent ouvrage, signé par l'historienne de l'art Louise Vigneault, lève donc le voile sur ce peintre et chef de guerre wendat, longtemps tombé dans l'oubli, qui a considérablement marqué le 19e siècle. Zacharie Vincent (1815-1886) a suscité la fascination, avec ses allures d'artiste bohème, sa dégaine de clochard mêlée à ses ornements d'apparat, la singularité de ses autoportraits. La légende entourant celui que l'on appelait le " dernier des Hurons " a attiré les regards sur la petite communauté de la Jeune-Lorette (aujourd'hui Wendake), pour ensuite révéler la fierté et la résilience du peuple wendat. Des peintres canadiens, tels Antoine Plamondon et Eugène Hamel, ont réalisé des portraits de Vincent, puis des photographes comme Louis-Prudent Vallée ont immortalisé son image. Zacharie Vincent : une autohistoire artistique nous plonge au cour de la vie et de l'ouvre d'un artiste énigmatique qui a laissé en héritage des témoignages essentiels sur sa nation, en équilibre entre la tradition et la modernité."-- Quatrième de couverture

While the Indian indie game development scene is still relatively young, it has already lived through big changes. Like in many regions worldwide, indie game developers in India have to negotiate between practical issues, for example regarding market requirements and expectations, and committed ambitions, for example regarding creative aspirations in art design and game content. On the one hand and in order to persist in the ever extending industry, they need to acknowledge mainstream wants and practical demands from especially (though not exclusively) the Indian game market which at present is characterized by an overall dominance of mobile card and casino games. On the other hand, we see that especially Indian indie developers increasingly reflect on the role of Indian cultural heritage (including elements from history, architecture, music, etc.) for India produced games. This turn to own roots, to implement Indian cultural and historical heritage in games, is now visible in a number of games which have been recently Greenlit on Steam and are in the final production phases, such as Asura (2017 forthc.), Antariksha Sanchar (2017 forthc.), and others.

In this article, I argue that digital games hold the potential to influence processes of cultural memory related to past and contemporary forms of marginalization. By bringing cultural memory studies into dialogue with game studies, I account for the ways through which digital games and practices of play might influence historical discourses and memory politics pertaining to marginalized identities. In order to demonstrate this, I conduct an analysis of Assassin’s Creed: Freedom Cry, a digital game which includes representation of the eighteenth-century transatlantic slave trade and its racist systems. This analysis is then contrasted with statements by two critics, Evan Narcisse and Justin Clark, about how Freedom Cry highlights specific marginalized identities and represents the past through the game form. These statements, coupled with my game analysis, make the case for a concept that I term ‘counter-hegemonic commemorative play’. This makes visible a form of potentially cathartic power fantasy within a historical struggle, alongside emphasizing a form of designed recognition of marginalized identities within contemporary historical discourses and memory politics.

This paper will look at the convergence of the interactive free flow of video games and the questioning and revisioning of historical continuity using the example of the Assassin's Creed series by Ubisoft. With a story that exists simultaneously in the modern day and the 15th century, the games allow the player to take control of characters and alter, or make possible, events recognisable as historical fact. It plays with both history and memory and history as memory, as the life of the primary player character is being relived through the genetic memories of one of his descendants. Being highly narrative-bound, the Assassin's Creed games use, via the medium of the screen, the rift between history and memory as a central element of narrative, theme, and game design, which this paper will explore. Furthermore, using theories of convergence this paper will examine how video games provide a new, interactive mode of storytelling that is rapidly becoming representative of our age.

The kingdom of Bhutan drew the international spotlight in 1999 when it became the last nation on earth to introduce broadcast television. It was a deliberate and strategic move by a country that for centuries had chosen to isolate itself from the rest of the world, turning inward to nurture its own culture. The small Himalayan country, whose population in 2013 was estimated at just 733,000, 1 sits uneasily between two feisty behemoths  – China and India – each with over a billion people and an ongoing history of border disputes. Bhutan has long been wary of being swamped, either politically or culturally, by these larger neighbours, as well as the world beyond (Penjore  2004 ).

Comme naguère Jean-Jacques Rousseau dénonçait le scandale d'une société fondée sur l'inégalité, avec la même clarté, et un bonheur d'écriture que seule peut inspirer la passion du juste, Aimé Césaire prend ses distance par rapport au monde occidental et le juge. Ce discours est un acte d'accusation et de libération. Sont assignés quelques ténors de la civilisation blanche et de son idéologie mystifiante, l'Humanisme formel et froid. En pleine lumière sont exposées d'horribles réalités : la barbarie du colonisateur et le malheur du colonisé, le fait même de la colonisation qui n'est qu'une machine exploiteuse d'hommes et déshumanisante, une machine à détruire des civilisations qui étaient belles, dignes et fraternelles. C'est la première fois qu'avec cette force est proclamée, face à l'Occident, la valeur des cultures nègres. Mais la violence de la pureté du cri sont à la mesure d'une grande exigence, ce texte chaud, à chaque instant, témoigne du souci des hommes, d'une authentique universalité humaine. Il s'inscrit dans la lignée de ces textes majeurs qui ne cessent de réveiller en chacun de nous la générosité de la lucidité révolutionnaires. Le Discours sur le colonialisme est suivi du Discours sur la Négritude, qu'Aimé Césaire a prononcé à l'Université Internationale de Floride (Miami), en 1987.

Similar to the other countries discussed in this volume, elite dominance over mass media has been a main characteristic of Filipino history. Foreign-educated Filipino intellectuals from wealthy families founded the early periodicals that demanded reform and/or independence from Spanish colonization in the late nineteenth century (Anderson 1983 ). Today, ‘old rich’ landowning families own and operate television networks, radio stations, and newspapers not only as part of prestigious and profi table media conglomerates, but also in connection with their interests in industries as varied as oil and agriculture to insurance, shipping, and mining.