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  • This article recovers the overlooked role of quantification in shaping antebellum Black knowledge claims about freedom and slavery. It uses the political controversy surrounding the census of 1840 to highlight the extent to which African American activists in New York City rooted a pro-Black and anti-slavery politics in the growing authority of numbers. Owing to a series of clerical errors, the disputed sixth decennial census—the first to solicit the number of individuals designated as “insane” or “idiots” throughout the population—indicated that African Americans in the North were far more likely to suffer from “insanity” than their counterparts in the South. Unsurprisingly, exultant pro-slavery ideologues wasted no time in adding the census to their growing repertoire of evidence supporting the peculiar institution. Black New Yorkers, however, understood that the conclusions drawn from the census were a product of a racist statistical practice, and not a true reflection of either Black freedom or of quantification’s radical potential. Using an 1844 memorial to the United States Senate produced by Black activists in New York City, this article argues that African Americans were resourceful quantifiers who strategically employed quantitative arguments to dispute the claim that Blackness was incompatible with freedom. Indeed, close study of the memorial reveals the extent to which activists’ use of quantification to undermine pro-slavery expansionism, represent slavery’s fatal violence, and affirm the degree to which they were thriving in freedom is indicative of a much more robust and underappreciated culture of numeracy among antebellum African Americans.

  • Centered primarily on the American Colonization Society (ACS), this article explores the movement to colonize free Black women and men in West Africa as a political—as well as a knowledge—project rooted in demography. Hostile to slavery and immediate emancipation alike, white colonizationists used quantitative rhetoric to transform African Americans along a vast spectrum of unfreedom into a “dangerous” and multiplying population in need of removal. While this demographic fearmongering proved effective, the ACS struggled to make large-scale expatriation appear equally so. To render removal “practicable,” colonizationists harnessed the fertility of African American women. By specifically targeting those in their procreative prime for expatriation, colonizationists believed they could gradually deplete the country’s Black population. The colonization project as envisioned by the ACS, then, was the clear inheritor of demography’s hierarchizing tendencies. Not only did colonizationists reproduce the epistemic violence of a system that fragmented and instrumentalized the bodies of Black women, but in specifically targeting the latter for expatriation, they produced a new category via which to define African Americans as a threatening and unassimilable population.

Dernière mise à jour depuis la base de données : 21/03/2026 05:00 (EDT)

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