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In the age of the Grand Tour, foreigners flocked to Italy to gawk at its ruins and paintings, enjoy its salons and cafés, attend the opera, and revel in their own discovery of its past. But they also marveled at the people they saw, both male and female. In an era in which castrati were "rock stars," men served women as cicisbei, and dandified Englishmen became macaroni, Italy was perceived to be a place where men became women. The great publicity surrounding female poets, journalists, artists, anatomists, and scientists, and the visible roles for such women in salons, academies, and universities in many Italian cities also made visitors wonder whether women had become men. Such images, of course, were stereotypes, but they were nonetheless grounded in a reality that was unique to the Italian peninsula. This volume illuminates the social and cultural landscape of eighteenth-century Italy by exploring how questions of gender in music, art, literature, science, and medicine shaped perceptions of Italy in the age of the Grand Tour.
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One of the most famous Venetian women of her time, Isabella Teotochi Albrizzi (1760-1836) was known not only for her salon, but also for her published works. One of these pieces, Teotochi Albrizzi's Ritratti (1807), a series of literary portraits, reveals Europe's concern over the simulation of virtue in a society beginning to judge merit by behavior and self-presentation rather than birth. Teotochi Albrizzi's portraits demonstrate the strategies used to discern character and how the author drew on ideas concerning sexual difference in the realm of aesthetics to address concerns raised by shifting practices of sociability.
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Being women provided them with a particular perspective, expressed first-hand through their letters. Dalton shows how Lespinasse, Roland, Renier Michiel, and Mosconi grappled with differences of ideology, social status, and community, often through networks that mixed personal and professional relations, thus calling into question the actual separation between public and private spheres. Building on the work of Dena Goodman and Daniel Gordon, Dalton shows how a variety of conflicts were expressed in everyday life and sheds new light on Venice as an important eighteenth-century cultural centre.
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Whereas much of the literature on women and the French Revolution continues to see political activity as incommensurate with a desire to behave properly as a woman, studying the correspondence of Marie-Jeanne Roland from 1788 to 1793 shows how she combined political action with respect for gender norms in the last six years of her life. Both while living in the countryside near Lyon and in Paris itself, Roland assumed three roles which she deemed proper to a woman patriot: inciting revolutionary action, formulating policy, and informing others of revolutionary events. The importance of each of these roles shifted with changes in political climate, as did Roland’s conception of what constituted appropriate female behaviour. What made these changes possible was Roland’s ability both to adapt her political strategy to her circumstance and to create a mutable gender code to fit her political needs.
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This chapter provides an overview of the situation in Montreal and Toronto in the second half of the nineteenth century, a time when municipal government was