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Poursuivant l’exploration de la « production des classes moyennes », initiée par Alain Roussillon dans sa lecture de L’État présent des Égyptiens ou le secret de leur arriération, cet article s’intéresse aux représentations du social chez Muhammad Rashîd Ridâ (1865-1935), publiciste syro-égyptien à la position simultanément centrale et décentrée au sein de l’espace public de la Nahda. Pour ce faire, il s’intéresse à ses mobilisations, dans la revue al-Manâr, des catégories de la ‘âmma (le commun) et de la khâssa (l’élite) et à leur insertion dans un corps social (hay’a ijtimâ‘iyya) compris comme le lieu de réalisation de l’intérêt général d’un peuple. Si ce corps social semble répondre à la lettre de la définition qu’en donne Butrus al-Bustânî, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’il est traversé de distorsions confessionnelles. Nonobstant, les points de vue de Ridâ sur la ‘âmma et la khâssa, qui accusent la cohérence fugace d’une livraison de presse, datée, située, y sont davantage dictés par les circonstances et les relations du moment que par des positions idéologiques ou doctrinales - en l’occurrence, la préséance de la communauté (umma) et celle des musulmans en son sein.
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This thesis studies the European travel literature concerning the Ottoman Empire and tries to analyse the role of the informers used by the Europeans in the creation of their representation of the janissaries within their travel accounts. Once the janissaries and the travel literature are presented in the first chapter, the second initiates a reflexion about the form taken by the representation of the janissaries. This representation is twofold : one is « individual », and the other is « collective ». In the first, the focus is put on understanding the representation of the many individuals composing this corps while in the second, the janissaries are seen as a collective entity. Once these parameters are set, the final chapter explore the mechanisms surrounding how travellers assemble their information to understand the janissaries by using three main groups of native informants. Following this analysis, we arrived at the conclusion that the informers either complexify, simplify or alter the perspectives of the travellers. It depends on the linguistic skills of each traveller, because it is the main factor that determines the identity of the people used by them to collect their information, and by extension, the extent to which those travellers exposed themselves to the filters created by linguistic intermediaries and translators. This conclusion enriches our understanding of the process which created the representations transmitted by travel literature, and also offers interesting leads for future analysis on travel accounts. Since considering the influence of the informers used by travellers in the description and explanation of subjects related to a scholar’s interests might be beneficial to his own understanding of his researchs.
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The first encyclopedia of Islamic political thought from the birth of Islam to today, this comprehensive, authoritative, and accessible reference provides the context needed for understanding contemporary politics in the Islamic world and beyond. With more than 400 alphabetically arranged entries written by an international team of specialists, the volume focuses on the origins and evolution of Islamic political ideas and related subjects, covering central terms, concepts, personalities, movements, places, and schools of thought across Islamic history. Fifteen major entries provide a synthetic treatment of key topics, such as Muhammad, jihad, authority, gender, culture, minorities, fundamentalism, and pluralism. Incorporating the latest scholarship, this is an indispensable resource for students, researchers, journalists, and anyone else seeking an informed perspective on the complex intersection of Islam and politics. Includes more than 400 concise, alphabetically arranged entriesFeatures 15 in-depth entries on key topicsCovers topics such as:Central themes and sources of Islamic political thought: caliph, modernity, knowledge, shari'a, government, revival and reformModern concepts, institutions, movements, and parties: civil society, Islamization, secularism, veil, Muslim BrotherhoodIslamic law and traditional Islamic societies: justice, taxation, fatwa, dissent, governance, piety and asceticism, trade and commerceSects, schools, regions, and dynasties: Mu'tazilis, Shi'ism, Quraysh, Mecca and Medina, Baghdad, Indonesia, Nigeria, Central Asia, OttomansThinkers, personalities, and statesmen: Mawardi, Shafi'I, Saladin, Tamerlane, Akbar, Atatürk, Nasser, KhomeiniContains seven historical and contemporary maps of Muslim empires, postcolonial nation-states, populations, and settlementsGuides readers to further research through bibliographies, cross-references, and an index