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This thesis studies the charters of donations of two monastic establishments of the Ile-de-France in the twelfth century: the priory Saint-Martin-des-Champs and the abbey Saint-Pierre-de-Montmartre. This research concerning 160 ecclesiastical charters is based on the analysis of the social and religious relations that follows from the gifts offered by French royalty and aristocracy to these two monasteries. The overall objective is to highlight that the practice of donation plays a central role during medieval society and that it has engendered, perpetuated and consolidated religious and social interactions in linking them to the ideological framework of the ecclesia. The first stage of this research examines the anthropological and medieval historiographies of the gift and on the practice of donation in the Middle Ages. Then, we establish the historical context on the Île-de-France region during the reign of Louis VI, Louis VII and Philippe II, so between 1108 and 1223. The last step analyzes the practice of donating to The Middle Ages from a social point of view, among others the relations that are established by repeated donations between aristocratic families and the two monasteries under study. We also investigate the religious ideology surrounding the gift as a means of apprehending the salvation of the soul for the actors who, by this practice, are running the salutary spiritual mechanisms for their redemption. Finally, we address the global implications that affect the whole of medieval society, including public ceremonies and donation confirmations by the aristocratic and religious elite.
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Through a study of the exegetical works of various masters associated with the University of Oxford between 1229 and 1267, we attempt to describe a freer environment than the one provided by the Université de Paris, which had prohibited the teaching of Aristotle’s libri naturales in 1210 and 1215. Robert Grosseteste, Richard Fishacre, Simon of Hinton and Roger Bacon articulate a conception of knowledge and the value of philosophical activity that seems to favour a more peaceful reception of the Greek philosopher, since the practice of literal exegesis legitimizes the speculations about nature to which this activity gives rise. This thesis attempts to understand the connections made by thinkers of the young University of Oxford, through their practice of exegesis, between Revelation and profane knowledge, and to see how their idea of theological inquiry evolved in the 13th century. We show that for the Oxford masters, answers to questions about Scripture are provided by natural philosophy and that all forms of profane knowledge, therefore, are seen as necessary, while always in the service of faith.
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Although the field of memory studies is well-developed in medieval history, the role of gender in the construction of memory is only just beginning to be integrated. This M.A. thesis considers the relationships among gender, memory and history at the monastery of San Salvatore/Santa Giulia in Brescia (ca. 8th and 9th centuries). These three concepts help to expand our understanding of the place memory occupied in the monastery and its historical context, a function reinforced by the primacy of monasteries in the management of memory and the crafting of history within the Carolingian Empire. The Liber memorialis is the primary source for this study. The document, written from 856, contains lists of names of persons belonging to the prayer community and liturgical texts. It transmits ritual practices related to intercession for the dead as well as the names of people who are part of the abbey’s prayer community. We also seek to understand how the Liber memorialis served as a means to craft representation and the perpetuation of different levels and logics of real and ideal communities: the local and imperial aristocracy, the imperium, and the ecclesia. In this study, we will place the Liber memorialis of Brescia within the wider ideological context of time.
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Through an approach that seeks to link the question of the culture of war to the awareness of the social, economic and political dimensions of war, this study highlights the construction of the figure of the landsknecht through the prism of the practices of these German mercenaries and the representations of French contemporaries. To identify this dominant figure of the Renaissance, it is a question of circumscribing the strategies implemented by the lansquenets, i.e. the arsenal of symbols, speeches and behaviours to which the members of this group refer, and to confront them with the discourses of the French military and civilians in order to apprehend the perception they have of the landsknechte and the behaviours they develop towards them. The dialectic between the practices of the Lansquenets and the French representations of them illustrate the profound transformations of the French monarchy at the dawn of the Modern Era and reveals a society's apprehension of alterity.