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  • This thesis explores the impacts of Egyptian colonialism on the Sudanese agrarian society following the 1821 conquest of the Funj Sultanate until the beginning of the Mahdist Revolution in 1881. This research goes against the Western conventional historiographical consensus affirming that the agricultural sector in Sudan suffered a long and painful decline during the whole Egyptian colonial occupation. In fact, it is the complete opposite: after the 1844 Egyptian failure to impose their plantation system, the local Sudanese elites composed of former Funj aristocrats, traders and nomadic lords, are going to reappropriate this agrarian structure for their own ends. We are, in fact, witnessing the resurgence of Sudanese agriculture under a new hybrid system. This agrarian revival is going to have major consequences on the regions of Gezira and oriental Sudan and also on all the strata of the population. It will lead to an exponential rise in the use of agricultural slavery, the collapse of the free peasant and nomad, the building of a new network of cities and the decline of the environment. During that period, the Egyptian colonial government, confined to its garrison-cities, will limit its interaction with the rural world by inefficiently trying to extract the maximum of riches with the use of violence.

  • If Italy officially administrates Libya in 1912, it does not succeed in submitting the whole population. The coming to power of B. Mussolini in 1922 has the country enter in a new colonial era. Firmly decided to dominate the Libyan territory, he wages violent campaigns in the north-west region (Tripolitania) and in the south-west (Fezzan). In 1929, he engages the country in a new campaign to submit the last region in resistance: Cyrenaica. Unable to subdue the resistance despite a brutal policy, the Italians decide in 1930 to create concentration camps to confine tens of thousands of the inhabitants of the region (submitted or in resistance) and to succeed in establishing its power. The thesis falls within the post-colonial history movement and resorts to a transimperial approach in order to analyse the French gaze (by which we understand the state’s institutions and public opinion) on those camps. In those years of high tensions in the North African region, but also of European and Franco-French preoccupations, what was the French discourse on the violent colonial policy of the rival Italian power? The French civilizational ideology of the 1930s, and its own concentrational past, are not the only ways to understand the press and state silences. France’s interest is also in maintaining cordial relations with Italy, and in the weakening, if not, the annihilation of its old Saharan enemy: the Sanusiyya. The mystic brotherhood to which the majority of the interned are affiliated, embodies a common enemy for the two empires. Moreover, the migrations that ensue from the implementation of the concentration camps are profitable, even if concerning, for the French colonial power. The press and state archives therefore allow for very few spaces of denunciation and only in the context of the instrumentalization of the Italian policy to the benefit of France.

Dernière mise à jour depuis la base de données : 18/07/2025 13:00 (EDT)

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