L'occupation de la Ruhr et le révisionnisme de l'ordre versaillais dans deux grands journaux français (1920-1924) - Destroismaisons, Martin (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Entre-deux-guerres; French press; German reparations; IIIe République française; L'Action française; Le Temps; Military occupation; Presse française; Raymond Poincaré; Rhenish separatism; Réparations; République de Weimar; Séparatisme rhénan; Thhird French Republic; Traitée Versailles; Treaty of Versailles; Weimar Republic

La question de l'indépendance de l'Autriche pour la France et la Grande-Bretagne durant l'entre-deux-guerres - Désautels, Audrey (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: "Front de Stresa"; Allemagne hitlérienne; Anschluss; Austria; Autriche; International politics; Nazi Germany; Pan-Germanism; Pangermanisme; Politique internationale; Puissances occidentales; Seconde Guerre Mondiale; Western powers; second World War

Intimité et individualité au pensionnat : la pratique du journal intime de Léandre-Coyteux Prévost 1869-1870 - Deschênes, Amélie (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Individualité; Intimité; Journal intime; Pensionnat classique; Souci de soi

Sous la loupe de la commission Bélanger-Campeau : le Québec dans l'après-Meech, radiographie d'un espace politique bouleversé - Desjardins, Jean (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Accord du Lac Meech; Asymétrie; Autonomie; Commission Spicer; Décentralisation; Fédéralisme; Indépendance; Projets de société; Relations fédérales-provinciales

La représentation de la Chine dans les médias québécois à l'époque de la Révolution culturelle chinoise (1966-1976) - Desharnais, Daniel (Université de Montréal, 2001)
Keywords: Histoire

Politique de santé, médicalisation de la société et émergence de la médecine clinique moderne en Haïti (1804-1915) - Despeignes, Guy (Université de Montréal, 2001)
Keywords: Histoire et sociopolitique des sciences

Les médias au Québec et la guerre d'Algérie 1954-1964 - Deleuze, Magali (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: Histoire

La gestion des loisirs publics à Montréal : l'exemple du parc de l'île Sainte-Hélène, 1874-1914 - Desharnais, Josée (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: Sainte-Hélène Island (Québec); Sainte-Hélène; Île (Montréal; Québec)

L'institutionnalisation de la pédiatrie en milieu franco-montréalais 1880-1980 : les enjeux politiques, sociaux et biologiques - Desjardins, Rita (Université de Montréal, 1999)

Walther Rathenau et Konrad Adenauer, deux européens engagés : continuité et discontinuité - Desrosiers, Dominique (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: Adenauer; Konrad; 1876-1967; Allemagne; Politique étrangère; Rathenau; Walther; 1867-1922

«Je vais retourner chargé de reliques» : la dévotion aux martyrs des catacombes romaines au Canada (1830-1930) - Dahan, Michel (Université de Montréal, 2022)
On 22 June 1845, a curious religious procession took place in the streets of Montreal. A “huge crowd” gathered to accompany through the city the body of a man exhumed from the Roman catacombs. His bones had been shipped to Montreal and placed in a wax figure representing a Roman soldier. Presumed to have died for his faith, this martyr was carried through the streets at arm’s length amid incense and hymns. Surprisingly, this procession was not an isolated one. From 1830 to 1930, the remains of dozens of presumed Christian martyrs extracted from the Roman catacombs were sent to Canada. In Halifax, Rimouski, Joliette, Toronto, and Windsor, they attracted the faithful and the curious. Adopted as powerful intercessors, these foreign saints would shape the beliefs, representations, and identity of generations of Catholics. Around their relics, a whole devotional universe would develop and maintain various and complex relations with society. These relics provide us with a unique window into nineteenth-century Canadian society. This thesis makes a significant contribution to historiography by exploring for the first time the topic of ultramontane devotions in Canada. It studies the deployment of the cult of Roman martyrs and their relics in the Canadian Church and reconstitutes the development of this devotion from a cultural history perspective. Using archival documents found on both sides of the Atlantic, this thesis examines how Canadians discovered, sought, and adopted this foreign devotion. In reality, this infatuation for Roman relics is primarily a transnational phenomenon that is part of the profound changes that the Catholic Church experienced in the nineteenth century, driven in particular by the Ultramontane movement. Therefore, it seeks to situate the presence of relics from the catacombs in Canada in its global context while considering its Canadian particularities. It rests on a considerable number of novel sources drawn from more than thirty archival centers. With the help of these documents, it examines the different facets that this devotion had, whether in cities or the countryside, among English-speaking or French-speaking communities or in predominantly Catholic or Protestant environments. The first chapter reveals the fascination with Christian Rome among nineteenth-century Canadians and the importance that the catacombs and their martyrs had in the minds of the Catholic faithful. The second chapter identifies the many networks uniting the Canadian Church with Rome, and more broadly with Europe, that allowed the acquisition and shipping of relics to Canada. It replaces this devotion in a larger framework by linking it to other manifestations of this expression of piety elsewhere in the world. It pays particular attention to the exchange of goods between the Italian peninsula and North America by studying the commercial routes that allowed the circulation of relics. The remaining three chapters are devoted to the presentation, the reception, and the adoption of catacomb saints in Canada. They examine the art of molding wax bodies containing relics and the symbolism of these recumbent-reliquaries, before describing the religious ceremony organized to mark the arrival of a new martyr. Finally, this thesis explores the faithful’s various expressions of piety: patronages, prayers, indulgences, and claims of miracles. It examines the attachment but also the opposition and the tensions provoked by Roman relics within society. This research demonstrates the influence that foreign religious devotions held in the spiritual lives of Canadians and the many connections uniting Canadian society with Europe. It also testifies to significant changes in the devotional universe of the nineteenth century. But above all, it highlights the profound transformations of both culture and mentalities and particularly of beliefs, emotions, and the idea of death. This study contributes to a better understanding of the religious past of several generations of Canadians by studying a devotion that has now completely been forgotten.
Keywords: Canadian catholicism; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); catholicisme canadien; corpi santi; corps saints; dévotion religieuse; gisants en cire; relics; religious devotion; reliquaires; reliquaries; reliques; ultramontanism; ultramontanisme; wax bodies

Julius Caesar in Gaul and Germania : strategy, tactics, and the use of aggressive diplomacy as a tool for war - Dakkach, Patrick (Université de Montréal, 2021)
While Caesar and his writings have been thoroughly studied for the past two centuries, it is time to make use of a new approach pioneered by Arthur M. Eckstein to study him. In his Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome Eckstein argues that Rome opportunistically conquered Italy and the Eastern Mediterranean through a series of defensive wars or “invitations”. What is novel about this approach is its use of political science paradigms, with a heavy emphasis on the concept of the realist anarchy. As such, using Eckstein’s framework and applying it to Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum this thesis shows that Caesar, contrarily to traditional historiography, did not conquer Gaul out of sheer bellicosity and personal ambition, but rather, as a result of a direct invitation from Rome’s Gallic allies to defensively interfere on their behalf in an act of bellum iustum. To do so, we will demonstrate that a state of anarchy exists in Gaul in accordance to Eckstein’s wider Mediterranean system. After which, a detailed analysis of Caesar’s De Bello Gallico will outline the specific instances in which Caesar opportunistically used this pre-existing anarchy to his advantage, before finally delving into the specificities of the “invitations” along with an analysis of Caesar’s use of aggressive diplomacy. To achieve this, we used first and foremost, Caesar’s commentaries as the primary sources, while Eckstein’s aforementioned work gave us the interpretative concepts and theoretical basis we needed; additionally, we drew on multiple supplementary primary sources and the surrounding relevant scholarship. After we demonstrated that Gaul was an anarchic system, we successfully applied Eckstein’s model, and its results clearly showed that the Gauls’ bellicosity against each other blinded them to the Roman danger, which Caesar used to systematically intervene, filling the power vacua left behind in his wake. This model is important because it provides us with an alternate explanation to the Roman conquest of Gaul, using one of history’s sister disciplines, political science. With this approach’s viability proven, it opens the door for vast other studies, in this as of yet, unexplored direction.
Keywords: Anarchism; Anarchisme; Caesar. Julius; César. Jules; De Bello Gallico (58-51 av.J.-C.); Diplomatic relations; Gaul Politics and government; Gaule Politique et gouvernement; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); Rome Foreign relations (510-30 B.C.); Rome Relations extérieures (510-30 av.J.-C.); relations diplomatiques

Le centenaire de la Grande Guerre au prisme des médias : le cas des quotidiens The Guardian, Le Monde et die Süddeutsche Zeitung - Cusson, Jean-Christophe (Université de Montréal, 2020)
This mémoire aims to show that media space, in times of commemoration, is a privileged place for historians who want to capture the dynamics of a community’s memory. Our case study is the media coverage of the centenary of the First World War through the lens of The Guardian, Le Monde and Die Süeddeutsche Zeitung. We analysed in these newspapers the press coverage from June 2014 to July 2017 in the online sections First world war, Centenaire 14-18 and Erster Weltkrieg. This study uses an operative definition of collective memory that allows us to understand the necessity, in the history of memory field, to study journalism not simply as an archive, but also as a discursive space where various complex representations of the past meet and communicate in order to redefine themselves. This discursive space has two points of junction: Practiced history and “mythistory”. The dynamics of this space have been studied for each publication in this research. First, we identify the major historical configurations of the Great War, the role of historians in the coverage, and try to see to which extent these configurations are expressed in the three newspapers studied. Finally, the commemorative intentions of the newspapers are identified and then tested through a study of news-flow and an analysis of the lexical fields of the respective media coverage.
Keywords: Allemagne; Centenaire; Centenary; First World War; France; Germany; Grande Guerre; Great War; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Première Guerre mondiale; Royaume-Uni; United Kingdom; collective memory; espace médiatique; journalism; journalisme; mediatic space; mémoire collective; remembrance

Dynamiques de pouvoir, genre et rituels autochtones dans les écrits des jésuites en Nouvelle-France, 1632-1724 - Danis, Ariane (Université de Montréal, 2020)
This thesis presents representations of the traditional ritual practices of the Iroquoians and Algonquians that the French Jesuit missionaries have revealed in their writings. Sometimes in spite of themselves, the missionaries describe Indigenous people endowed with religious powers, descriptions which we will examine. The territory analyzed is therefore mainly that of the missions, namely the St. Lawrence Valley, the surrounding country and the Great Lakes region, a slice of America that remained largely Indigenous during the period of interest to us, namely from 1632, date of the first Relations with the Jesuit Paul Le Jeune, until 1724, the date of publication of the book Mœurs des Sauvages by Joseph-François Lafitau. This careful examination of the Jesuit works reveals, from a perspective of gender history, excerpts relating to rituals and spheres of activity of Aboriginal men and women. These results are confronted with numerous studies on First Nations or on the Jesuits and their North American missions. This multidisciplinary convergence then leads us to ask: what do missionaries see, or do not see, in the role of men, women, and to some extent, “men-women” and “women-men” within Aboriginal rituals, and in what circumstances?
Keywords: Algonquians; Algonquiens; First Nations; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Iroquoians; Iroquoiens; Jesuit missions; Jésuites; Premières Nations; genders; genres; representations; représentations et symboliques; rituality; rituels; symbolic

L’exercice de la justice en Bresse sous le règne d’Amédée VIII de Savoie (1420-1440) - Darrieu, Jérémie (Université de Montréal, 2018)
In order to standardize the administrative and judicial procedures in a duchy at the heights of its expansion, the duke Amédée VIII of Savoy (1391-1440) adopted in 1430 a set of laws, the « Statutes of Savoy » or Decreta Sabaudiae, which proposed a reform of the State apparatus. But what was the true impact of these Decreta on the exercice of justice in Savoy? This essay seeks to use accounting and fiscal sources from the bailliage of Bresse between 1420 and 1440 in order to determine what were the judicial institutions and practices at the time of the adoption of the Statutes of 1430. A thorough analysis of these new decrees would then establish if they managed to significally change the habits and behavior of the duke’s officiers and subjects. It appears that in the end, the Decreta seeked to correct judicial practices that were neglected over time : the major changes wished by the duke were in fact already established before the adoption of the new Statutes. As for the new penal laws of Amédée VIII, the documentation of Bresse could not prove their concrete enforcement.
Keywords: Accounting; Amédée VIII; Bresse; Comptabilité; Criminality; Criminalité; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Justice; Officers; Officiers; Statutes of Savoy; Statuts de Savoie

Entre deux régimes : Louis-Léonard Aumasson de Courville et ses Mémoires - D'Amours, Marc-André (Université de Montréal, 2017)
Publiés en 1838 mais datant pour l’essentiel de la fin du régime français au Canada, Les Mémoires du S... de C..., contenant l’histoire du Canada durant la guerre, et sous le gouvernement anglais sont attribués depuis 1940 à Louis-Léonard Aumasson de Courville (c. 1722-1781), un notaire et écrivain d’origine champenoise ayant vécu en Acadie française et dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent.. Le manuscrit (conservé aux archives du musée McCord de Montréal) à la base de cette publication daterait donc de la fin des années 1750. Peu après la prise de la colonie par les Britanniques, Courville s’est mis à réviser ce texte à l’intention de la nouvelle administration, rédigeant un deuxième manuscrit correspondant, à se fier à l’exemplaire conservé (également aux archives McCord), à une partie seulement du premier. Les deux versions se distinguent de nombre d’autres témoignages de cette période par leur ton incisif et leur touche anticléricale. Le premier chapitre du mémoire s’attache à suivre l’histoire des textes courvilliens : les circonstances de leur rédaction et leur utilisation dans l’historiographie, mais aussi leur étude par Aegidius Fauteux, celui qui percera le mystère entourant la personne qui s’est cachée pendant presque deux siècles derrière le pseudonyme du « S... de C... ». Le deuxième chapitre s’interroge sur les motifs de l’auteur de ces mémoires, s’attachant pour ce faire à suivre son parcours personnel difficile. Enfin, le troisième chapitre est consacré à l’analyse du propos de Courville dans les deux versions de ses Mémoires, véritable réquisitoire contre la corruption du régime français finissant.
Keywords: Aegidius Fauteux; French regime; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Louis-Léonard Aumasson de Courville; anticlericalism; anticléricalisme; corruption; indictment; memory; mémoire; régime français; réquisitoire

Rebelle devant les extrêmes : Paul Levi, une biographie politique - Cyr, Frédéric (Université de Montréal, 2012)
Cette thèse de doctorat est une biographie politique de Paul Levi, militant marxiste qui a fait carrière en Allemagne durant la période de l’entre-deux-guerres. Dès 1914, Levi incarne un courant radical à l’intérieur du Parti social-démocrate d’Allemagne (SPD). Il dénonce, entre autres, aux côtés de Rosa Luxemburg l’appui du parti à l’effort militaire national. Levi s’inspire également de Lénine qu’il rencontre pour la première fois en Suisse en 1916-1917. Lorsqu’il prend les commandes du Parti communiste d’Allemagne (KPD) en 1919, Levi dirige celui-ci d’une main de fer, selon le concept du « centralisme démocratique ». Il fait également tout en son pouvoir pour faire éclater la révolution ouvrière en Allemagne afin d’installer une dictature du prolétariat qui exclurait toutes les classes non ouvrières du pouvoir. En ce sens, Levi imagine un État socialiste semblable à celui fondé par Lénine en Russie en 1917. Contrairement à l’historiographie traditionnelle, notre thèse montre conséquemment que Levi n’était guère un « socialiste démocrate ». Il était plutôt un militant marxiste qui, par son radicalisme, a contribué à diviser le mouvement ouvrier allemand ce qui, en revanche, a fragilisé la république de Weimar. Cette thèse fait également ressortir le caractère résolument rebelle de Paul Levi. Partout où il passe, Levi dénonce les politiques bourgeoises des partis non-ouvriers, mais aussi celles de la majorité des organisations dont il fait partie, c’est-à-dire les partis ouvriers de la république de Weimar et le Reichstag. Son tempérament impulsif fait de lui un homme politique isolé qui, d’ailleurs, se fait de nombreux ennemis. En 1921, à titre d’exemple, il se brouille avec d’importants bolcheviques, ce qui met fin à sa carrière au sein du KPD. Les communistes voient désormais en lui un ennemi de la classe ouvrière et mènent contre lui de nombreuses campagnes diffamatoires. Levi, de son côté, dénonce ouvertement la terreur stalinienne qui, selon lui, est en train de contaminer le mouvement communiste européen. Notre travail montre également que Levi, cette fois en tant qu’avocat juif, lutte corps et âme contre les nazis. En 1926, dans le cadre d’une commission d’enquête publique du Reichstag chargée de faire la lumière sur des meurtres politiques commis en Bavière, il tente par tous les moyens d’inculper certains criminels nazis. Levi est conséquemment la cible de la presse antisémite allemande. Il refuse toutefois de céder à l’intimidation et choisit plutôt de poursuivre en justice quelques-uns des plus importants membres du Parti nazi, dont Alfred Rosenberg et Hitler lui-même, en plus de forcer de nombreux autres nazis à comparaître devant la commission d’enquête du Reichstag. Bref, si ce travail se veut critique envers la pensée révolutionnaire de Levi, il souligne aussi l’intégrité politique de cet homme dont les convictions sont demeurées inébranlables face aux dérives criminelles des extrêmes idéologiques de son époque.
Keywords: Communism; Communist International; Communist Party of Germany (KPD); History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Internationale communiste; Levi; Paul (1883-1930); Marxism; Parti communiste d’Allemagne (KPD); Parti social-démocrate d’Allemagne (SPD); Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD); Socialism; Weimar Republic (1918-1933); communisme; marxisme; république de Weimar (1918-1933); socialisme

Débat inexistant ou paroles persistantes : la théologie des reliques au Moyen Âge, autour du De pigneribus sanctorum de Guibert de Nogent - Dallali, Mehdi (Université de Montréal, 2011)
Relics are items linked to the saints, or to the Christ. Relics carry spiritual power, called virtus, source of miracles. Since the Antiquity, and especially since the Middle Age, relics played an essential part in the life of christian societies. The fact remains that the medieval theologians seemed to have reserved, for the cult of relics, a small part of their writings, as to be regarded by historians as having been presenting "a theoretical elaboration inversely proportional to its significance " and did not elicit any debate. This thesis thus proposes to study, through the various accounts left on the cult of relics, the ancient and medieval, what were the views, beliefs and controversies around the cult of relics. The hypothesis is therefore proposed that a "problem of the relics" existed, throughout the Middle Age, intimately linked to developments in the cult of saints and ideas on the Eucharist. A shift occurs during the Middle Ages, from a criticism, considered heretical, of the cult itself, to a denial of abuse and vagueness of this cult in the name of orthodoxy. These persistent speeches, if not a debate, about the validity and the mystical mechanisms and abuse of such a cult, would be well crystallized in the twelfth century, reflected in many contemporary writers, such as Thiofrid Echternach and especially Guibert of Nogent, stressing the need for theoretical development and codification of these practices.
Keywords: Church; Cult; Culte; Guibert de Nogent; Guibert of Nogent; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Middle age; Moyen-âge; Occident; Relics; Reliques; Saints; Theology; Théologie; West; Église

Continuatio et renovatio : l'idéologie impériale de Septimius Severus - Davis, Louise (Université de Montréal, 2010)
Septimius Severus reigned from 193 to 211 A.D., between the Golden Age of the Antonine dynasty and the third century crisis of the Roman Empire. He was saluted emperor by his legions of Upper Pannonia but was compelled to fight two civil wars to retain power. From this, and his African origin, it could be interpreted that the imperial rule of Severus was the genesis of the evolution from the Principate to the Dominate, expressed through his imperial ideology. This Master’s thesis examines how an emperor of African origin adhered to the iconographic traditions inaugurated under the reign of Augustus, and establishes the degree and nature of his ideological innovations. Founded on literary, epigraphic and iconographical sources, this research will demonstrate that the ideology of Severus was part of the continued evolution of the Romans’ perception of imperial power.
Keywords: Empire; Histoire romaine; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); Iconographie; Iconography; Idéologie impériale; Imperial ideology; Numismatics; Numismatique; Roman history; Septime Sévère; Septimius Severus

Les marguilliers de la fabrique Notre-Dame de Montréal, 1760-1810 - Daraîche-Leblanc, Miguel (Université de Montréal, 2009)
Keywords: Bougeoisie; Conquête; Démographie; Fabrique; Institutions; Montréal; Reproduction sociale; Réseaux

Le roi, l'église et la guerre : la prédication à Montréal au moment de la conquête (1750-1766) - Décary, Simon (Université de Montréal, 2009)
Keywords: Canadian history; Conquest; Conquête anglaise; Discours religieux; Gallicanism; Gallicanisme; Guerre de Sept ans; Histoire du Canada; Lecture; Opinion publique; Predication; Prédication; Public opinion; Religious speech; Saint-Sulpice; Sermon; Seven year's War

Waterloo : la bataille de tous les enjeux - Cyr, Pascal (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: 1815; 1er Empire; Armée française; Campagne de Belgique; First Empire; France; French Army; French Revolution; Hundred Days; Napoleon; Napoléon; Révolution Française; Waterloo; Wellington

Piédestal et indépendance féminine : la hiérarchie de genre sudiste pendant la guerre civile et la Reconstruction - Dansereau, François (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Classes sociales; Confederate States of America; Culture populaire; Femmes de l'élite; Guerre et société; Memory; Mémoire; Plantation life; Popular culture; Race and ethnicity; Race et ethnicité; Social classes; Southern states; Upper class women; Vie dans les plantations; War and society; États confédérés; États du sud

La radicalisation et la militarisation des Loyaux et des Patriotes à Montréal en 1837 - Cyr, Bruno (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Démocratie; Gouvernement colonial; Gouvernement responsable; Groupes paramilitaires; Insurrection; Papineau; Rébellion; Répression; Révolte; Volontaires

La réunification allemande à Bonn, Washington et Moscou : les mémoires politiques et le processus menant à l'unité de l'Allemange de 1989-1990 - Cyr, Frédéric (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Diplomatie Bonn/Washington/Moscou; George Bush; Helmut Kohl; Mikhaïl Gorbatchev; Mémoires politiques; Réunification allemande

La décolonisation au Mali et au Sénégal, 1958-1962 : essai d'explication d'une évolution politique contrastée - Dagenais, Dominic (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Décolonisation; Indépendance; Mali; Néocolonialisme; Socialisme; Soudan; Sénégal; Unité africaine

À la recherche des mots perdus : essai sur la méthode en histoire (Arendt, de Certeau, Foucault) - Cova, Hans (Université de Montréal, 2003)
Keywords: Arendt; H.; Commentaire; Critique; Culture; De Certeau; M.; Fin (de l'histoire); Foucault; M.; Langage; Modernité; Mémoire; Proust; M.; Totalitarisme (nazisme)

Les relations entre les Juifs de langue française et les Canadiens français selon le Bulletin du Cercle Juif (1954-1968) - Croteau, Jean-Philippe (Université de Montréal, 2000)
Keywords: Histoire

L'industrie française en Indochine de 1897 à 1945 - Dang Van, Chuong (Université de Montréal, 2000)
Keywords: Histoire

Le mouvement ouvrier montréalais, 1918-1929 : structure et conjoncture - Dansereau, Bernard (Université de Montréal, 2000)
Keywords: Histoire

Black political leadership in Louisiana during the early years of reconstruction, 1865 to 1868 - Daccord, Thomas E. (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: African American civic leaders; African American civic leaders – Louisiana; Leaders noirs américains; Leaders noirs américains – Louisiane; Louisiana – History; Louisiane – Histoire; Louisiane – Histoire – 1865-1877 (Reconstruction)

Engendering the Republic of Letters: Reconnecting Public and Private Spheres in Eighteenth-Century Europe - Dalton, Susan (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: Histoire

Langues, culture et représentation du pouvoir : Jean duc de Bedford, régent du royaume de France (1422-1435) - Cormier, David (Université de Montréal, 2022)
From 1422 the Englishman John of Lancaster (1389-1435), duke of Bedford, was regent of his young nephew’s French kingdom. Because the treaty of Troyes (1420) provided for a long-lasting English presence in France, the regent had to put in place a social domination structure based on consent rather than coercion. In this context, the duke of Bedford devised a cultural and language policy inspired by the attitudes of the most prominent members of the Valois family. It allowed him to bolster support for his regime and legitimize his power. This policy is the main object of our research. We first propose to examine each element of Bedford’s cultural policy. His magnificent households, precious manuscripts and generous patronage were outward symbols of the might and stability of English rule in France. These possessions also allowed their owner to present himself as a legitimate member of continental courtly society. As such, they were a mean to strengthen the bond with his most important ally, his brother-in-law Philip, duke of Burgundy. At the same time the regent depicted himself, and by extension Henry VI, as the legitimate ruler of France by actively imitating past French kings. Some of his cultural enterprises can be conceived as propaganda. However under careful scrutiny these representations of power appear to have been intended not only for the conquered, but also for the conquerors themselves. We devote a second chapter to the exercise of power through writing. We analyze the duke’s production of written documents, both sides of the Channel, in light of its compliance to or defiance of French diplomatic tradition. In itself, the adoption of local practices and language was both respectful of the spirit of the treaty of Troyes and a convenient way to conceal the dynastic rift between Valois and Lancaster. On the other hand, the continued use of typical English documents in Bedford’s organization of the military reveals the limited extent of his acculturation. We also consider the important role of the French secretaries in the coordination between the two kingdoms, which in theory were supposed to be kept separate. Some of them were so involved in English affairs that they moved to England to serve Henry VI. In the end however the English bureaucracy remained mostly unaffected by extraneous innovations. Nonetheless, the very significant linguistic shift it underwent was contemporary, and linked, to the demise of Lancastrian France. The last chapter examines the contribution of other important figures of the anglo-burgundian cultural environment. The continental activity of magnates like Richard Beauchamp and soldiers like John Talbot exemplifies the relative vitality of courtly life in Lancastrian France and highlights the adoption of some elements of French culture by the English there. The subsequent patronage, circulation of texts and artists and, ultimately, the internalization of the Lancastrian French narrative, led to the transformation of English culture. This cultural appropriation contributed to the perpetuation of French language and literature in fifteenth-century England. Paradoxically, it also reinforced a properly English identity.
Keywords: Culture; Fifteenth century; France lancastrienne; French language; Guerre de Cent Ans; Henri VI; Henry VI; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Hundred Years' War; Jean de Lancastre; John of Lancaster; Lancastrian France; Langue française; Propaganda; Propagande; XVe siècle

Les relations monétaires franco-allemandes et l’UEM (1969-1992) : des ambitions aux réalités - Coën, Alain (Université de Montréal, 2021)
In 1969, in a well-established European Economic Community (EEC) under the neo-Gaullist presidency of Georges Pompidou, Germany stood as a model for France, looking for an effective industrial policy and a recovery of its rank on the international scene. Since the mid 1960s the international monetary system had been weakened by the growing US debt. France wanted to be the leader of the economic and monetary union (EMU). This political decision was a means to improve its economy confronted with the instability of the international monetary system. As pointed out by Jacques Rueff, « L’Europe se fera par la monnaie ou ne se fera pas. » During this period, from the relaunch of the EMU (December 1969) to the Maastricht Treaty (February 1992), French economic action was based on a strong political will defined to reinforce the relationships with the Federal German Republic, and then the reunified Germany. The Franco-German monetary relationships aimed to promote a strong and independent Europe and to restore an exchange rate stability. The “golden standard” stability myth was viewed and understood differently in France and Germany. If recent historical studies have been partially devoted to the consequences of European monetary policies (essentially in France) on economic and monetary integration in the EEC, they focused on the 1974-1981 or 1981-1986 periods. The creation of the EMU was a dynamic process running from December 1969 to February 1992. Franco-German monetary relationships included two levels of decision-making. First, on the political level, there was the presidency, the chancellery, the European Commission and the ministers. Second, its counterpart, economic power. The latter requires analysis of the role played by central banks in the definition and application of monetary policies. This dichotomy illustrates the progressive transition between the political level and the economic level during the 1980s. The decline of politics and the primacy of economics were analyzed differently in France and Germany. Political and economic objectives and expectations were contrasted and divergent. This study demonstrates that the EMU dynamic was an economic process where politics gave way to economics. Monetary relations were asymmetric. The real interlocutor of French political authorities was German economic power, represented by the Bundesbank. The Franco-German tandem was a political myth broken by world economy liberalization. For Germany, the EMU was a device to define a European Germany in a federal Europe. In France, it represented an illusory means to restore French primacy for conservative and liberal governments and a way of compensating a failing ideology for socialist governments. The EMU provided monetary stability, but the dream of a powerful and independent Europe vanished with the Maastricht treaty. Even as it rejected the idea of European political union defended by the German diplomacy, France paradoxically laid the foundations of a German Europe.
Keywords: European monetary system (EMS); European monetary union (EMU); French monetary policy; German monetary policy; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Maastricht treaty; Système monétaire européen (SME); Traité de Maastricht; Union européenne; Union économique et monétaire (UEM); politique monétaire allemande; politique monétaire française

« Au secours des petits infirmes » : les enfants handicapés physiques au Québec entre charité et exclusion, 1920-1990 - Commend, Susanne (Université de Montréal, 2019)
This thesis develops our knowledge of the history of children with physical disabilities in Quebec by analyzing the representations and services offered to this clientele between 1920 and 1990. Camped in the current critical studies on disability, it aims to integrate disability at the heart of the demonstration by postulating the social construction of this category of analysis. Addressing a largely unexplored theme in historiography, it enriches the history of childhood in Quebec, as well as that of education, assistance and health. It is based in part on the model developed by Marie-Claire Cagnolo around the “logics” that have governed the treatment of people with disabilities. This study also relies on a variety of sources, from philanthropic association archives to official documents and government reports. Some silences in history have also been partially filled by interviews with witnesses. The main hypothesis underlying this thesis is that the place of children with disabilities in the province is determined by a double tension, on one hand between the antagonistic logic of exclusion and integration, and on the other hand between medical sphere and the socio-educational sphere that determine the organization and prioritization of the services offered to this clientele. The demonstration is structured into six thematic chapters: after a methodological description, chapter two looks at the main actors (philanthropists and governments) with this clientele, chapter three addresses the discourses on young people with disabilities, while the subsequent chapters look at paramedical, educational and finally recreational services for them. The first services intended specifically for children with physical disabilities in Quebec have been implemented at the turn of the 1920s by women of the bourgeoisie who justified this incursion into the public sphere in the name of maternalism. These philanthropists participate in the movement to defend the rights of “crippled” children on the international scene during the inter-war period. The idea of a hegemonic medical hold in the care of young disabled people, often defended by researchers, is relativized by the predominant role of volunteers and their socio-political engagement, at least until the 1940s. Three figures emerge from the discursive analysis: the angelic victim, the rehabilitated child-citizen and the monster. The vulnerable “cripple” is part of a paternalistic approach of assistance, which makes the disabled person an object of compassion to arouse the charity of the public. The figure of the useful citizen calls for a logic of reparation and rehabilitation, which provides compensation for the members of the society that are not growing with the same chances as the others. As for the monster, it symbolizes the reaction of communities driven by fear and rejection responding to a logic of elimination or exclusion. These various logics are also evident in the care of children with disabilities in Quebec, both in terms of the organization of care and in the development of educational or recreational services. The logic of assistance, based on a combination of public and private support and the need to protect children, emerged in the response to polio epidemics from the 1930s to the 1960s, as well as in the operation of special schools or adapted camps. The tragedy of thalidomide marks a turning point in the early 1960s as the federal government’s blatant responsibility leads to the organization and funding of a rehabilitation program, according to a logic of reparation. However, this compensation is addressed to a well-defined category of citizens who have been wronged by state negligence and does not include all children with disabilities. Only a paradigm shift, transforming disability into a collective problem, and no longer individual, will allow the transition from a logic of reparation to that of participation and inclusion. This transition took place between 1970 and 1990, when the government of Quebec guaranteed the services offered, according to a societal logic based on social inclusion and the recognition of young people with disabilities as subjects of rights. These gains remain however fragile, at risk of falling into mechanisms of exclusion. Far from constituting a linear path leading from stigmatization to full recognition of rights in an inexorable progression, the past of children with disabilities is marked by ups and downs, sudden advances followed by regressions. The pejorative representations of children with disabilities, ranging from degenerate to monster, coexist with more positive images such as the future citizen or the subject of rights, just as the different logics of integration and exclusion coexist throughout history, a duality that still continues today.
Keywords: Children with disabilities; Disability; Handicap; History; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); assistance; education; enfants handicapés; exclusion; histoire; integration; intégration; philanthropes; philanthropists; rehabilitation; representations; représentations; réadaptation; scolarisation

Unsettling Expo 67 : developmentalism & colonial humanism at Montreal’s world exhibition - Copeman, Romney (Université de Montréal, 2018)
Lors d’Expo 67, l'événement phare des célébrations du centenaire de la Confédération canadienne, trois différents sites exposant plusieurs aspects des héritages du colonialisme ont été inaugurés. Premier site à l'étude, le Pavillon des Indiens du Canada débordait des messages autochtones anticoloniaux, du vol des territoires aux critiques des pensionnats. Pourtant, le Pavillon du Canada, le deuxième site de l’étude, présentait un discours colonial qui incluait des représentations canadiennes et autochtones au sein d’un discours d’humanisme mondial. Au Pavillon Canadien, les représentations des peuples autochtones ont été utilisées en juxtaposition avec celles d’une société de colons présentée comme supérieure et mieux développée. Le troisième site à l’étude, l'auditorium Du Pont du Canada, a accueilli, lors des conférences Noranda et des Conférences internationales Maclean-Hunter, une cohorte internationale de délégués provenant d’une intelligentsia active à l’échelle mondiale. Les deux séries de conférences présentaient des discours néocoloniaux sur la meilleure façon de réorganiser les sociétés, les peuples et les cultures locales, nationales et internationales. Sur ces sites, les arguments coloniaux et néocoloniaux sur le « développement » s’opposaient à la rhétorique anticoloniale du pavillon des Indiens du Canada et des conférenciers tels que Karl Myrdal et Gabriel-Marie D'Arboussier. L’analyse de ces trois sites à travers le prisme dichotomique colonial/anticolonial démontre qu’Expo 67 était un lieu de discours localisé de l'humanisme colonial et du développementalisme. Les pavillons et les intervenants ont intégré leur propre perception du colonialisme et du développement à un éventail plus large de discours interconnectés sur la valeur des êtres humains.
Keywords: Canada; Expo 67; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Indigenous peoples; anticolonialism; anticolonialisme; autochtones; colonialism; colonialisme; developmentalism; développementalisme; globalization; humanism; humanisme; mondialisation; neocolonialism; néocolonialisme

Le développement du culte de Laurent à Rome aux IVe et Ve siècles - Corriveau, Jean-Matthieu (Université de Montréal, 2017)
Constantine, with his seize of power in the early fourth century, has allowed the growth of a new form of devotion dedicated to the men and women tormented because of their beliefs in Christ and his Holy Father. Thereby, Lawrence, persecuted in 258 A.D. in Rome, has become the main figure of martyrdom in the Eternal City during the following century. This master's thesis aims at comprehending how the cult of Lawrence's unfolded and why it became the predominant martyr cult in the Roman capital. By studying literary and epigraphic sources, especially Damasus, Ambrose, Augustine and Prudence, as well as the archaeological data on the construction of the churches dedicated to Lawrence, we came to the conclusion that the Roman martyr helped establish a Christian collective memory corresponding to the identity needs of the Urbs in this period characterized by the passage of a "pagan" empire to a Christian empire. This creation of a collective memory is based on the sacralisation of the roman territory by the emperor Constantine and the roman bishop Damasus, on the introduction of new rituals and on the instrumentation of Lawrence and the cult of the saints by the ancient writers in their elaboration of a Christian identity for the city of Rome.
Keywords: Christianisme; Christianity; Collective memory; Cult of the saints; Culte des saints; Damase; Damasus; Hagiographie; Hagiography; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); Identity; Identité; Laurent; Lawrence; Martyrdom; Martyre; Mémoire collective; Rituals; Rituels; Rome

L'historiographie française du Second Empire français : de la légende noire à la restauration - Corriveau, David (Université de Montréal, 2017)
La perception du Second Empire français a longtemps été sujette à controverse dans l’historiographie française. Alors que le régime a été synonyme de honte nationale pendant plusieurs décennies, l’historiographie en a tracé un portrait peu flatteur qui a tardé à évoluer. Cette interprétation négative dure jusqu’aux années 1930-1940, à partir desquelles les historiens remettent en question les idées reçues sur le régime et le perçoivent positivement. En effectuant une critique externe et interne d’ouvrages publiés par des auteurs français sur le Second Empire depuis 1870, le présent mémoire vise à identifier les facteurs qui expliquent la lente transformation de la perception du régime et de l’Empereur. La critique externe démontre que les auteurs, le contexte historique et la discipline historique ont joué un rôle dans cette perception. L’analyse interne de la politique socio-économique, intérieure et extérieure du régime, ainsi que de la personnalité de l’Empereur, démontre que d’autres facteurs, comme l’utilisation de sources et la façon d’aborder le sujet, ont eu un impact sur l’évaluation de Napoléon III et du Second Empire.
Keywords: Historians; Historiens; Historiographie; Historiography; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte; Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte; Légende noire; Napoleon III; Napoléon III; Second Empire français; Second French Empire

Étude comparative sur les manifestations du genre dans les crimes d’empoisonnement au Québec à la fin du XIXe siècle - Courtemanche, Stéphanie (Université de Montréal, 2017)
Au XIXe siècle émerge une criminologie naturalisante qui définit l’empoisonnement comme un crime féminin. L’étude proposée explore le lien qui s’établit entre le sexe de la personne criminelle, son genre et le moyen de perpétration de son acte meurtrier par l’analyse des procès pour empoisonnement répertoriés au Québec pour la période allant de 1867 à 1900. Comparant les procès d’empoisonneurs aux procès d’empoisonneuses, confrontant les acteurs historiques à leurs situations vécues, la recherche parcourt les manifestations du genre dans les méthodes criminelles employées par les accusé-e-s ainsi que dans les discours produits à leur endroit tout au long du processus judiciaire. Les résultats sont révélateurs des normes sexuelles en vigueur dans la société québécoise à la fin de l’époque victorienne et s’insèrent dans la lignée des études sur la régulation sociale au Québec.
Keywords: Comparaison; Comparison; Crime; Criminal norms; Criminalité; Discours; Empoisonnement; Femmes; Gender; Gender stereotypes; Genre; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Hommes; Men; Nineteenth century; Normes criminelles; Normes sexuelles; Ordre social; Poisoning; Quebec; Québec; Régulation sociale; Sexual norms; Social order; Social regulation; Speech; Stéréotypes sexuels; Women; XIXe siècle

Voir la guerre venir : la Première Guerre mondiale vue par The New York Times (1914-1917) - Couture, Julien (Université de Montréal, 2016)
Lorsque la guerre européenne éclate en août 1914, les États-Unis adoptent officiellement une position de stricte neutralité. Le pays n’en est pas moins tiraillé de l’intérieur pour autant. Au cours des quelque deux années et demi de neutralité, plusieurs moments forts et thématiques ont redéfini le rapport des États-Unis à la guerre européenne, jusqu’à justifier l’entrée en guerre en avril 1917, et propulsant par le fait même le pays à l’avant de la scène internationale. Cependant, les analyses relatives à la couverture de la guerre par la presse américaine pendant cette période sont pratiquement inexistantes. En se penchant sur les articles en une et les éditoriaux du quotidien The New York Times, il est possible de suivre l’évolution des thématiques liées au conflit et de comparer certains évènements que l’historiographie a ciblés comme étant à l’origine de l’entrée en guerre. Le but est de voir comment le NYT présente le conflit européen, de quelles façons le journal cherche à influencer son lectorat et, surtout, comment il « voit » peu à peu le conflit s’immiscer dans la vie des Américains. Certains thèmes comme le mouvement du preparedness et le traitement de la communauté germano-américaine nous renseignent sur les changements de perception qui s’opèrent dans la couverture du NYT. L’historiographie classique présente le torpillage du paquebot Lusitania le 7 mai 1915 comme le point à l’origine de la rupture officieuse de la neutralité américaine, au profit d’un sentiment proallié. Notre analyse tend à nuancer fortement cette affirmation. D’autres moments-clés et thématiques présentées dans le NYT ont eu plus d’impact sur la neutralité américaine. Nos résultats de recherche questionnent en fait la nature et la temporalité de la « neutralité » américaine. Est-ce réellement, comme le souhaitait au départ le président américain Wilson une « neutralité bienveillante », ou de la poudre aux yeux?
Keywords: American neutrality; Editorials; First World War; History - United States / Histoire - États-Unis (UMI : 0337); Lusitania; Neutralité américaine; Première Guerre mondiale; Preparedness; Press coverage; Presse; The New York Times; Éditoriaux

French Kiss : les fêtes nationales françaises et américaines dans la France en guerre (1914-1918) - Collet-Garand, Aurélie (Université de Montréal, 2015)
La fête nationale française, décrétée en 1880, vise à consolider l’adhésion à la Troisième République, régime né dix ans auparavant et toujours en déficit de légitimité. Malgré les efforts du gouvernement pour rejoindre les Français de toutes allégeances, des discordes idéologiques persistent et la fête nationale du 14-Juillet ne parvient pas à faire l'unanimité. Telle est la situation sociale et politique de la France à l’aube de la Grande Guerre. Alors que se multiplient les batailles et les pertes militaires, la conviction d'une guerre courte fait place à la réalité d'une guerre aussi destructrice qu’interminable. Les 14-Juillet de ces années-là démontrent la nécessité d'adapter les célébrations nationales à la réalité de la guerre totale et des besoins qu'elle engendre. Parallèlement, le deuil et la souffrance de la guerre ravivent les oppositions sociales et politiques d'avant-guerre, remettant en question les capacités du gouvernement à faire face à la situation, menaçant tant l'Union Sacrée que la République. L'entrée en guerre des États-Unis, en avril 1917, offre l'occasion à quelques hommes politiques prévoyants de rétablir la cohésion sociale autour des valeurs républicaines. En 1917, puis en 1918, le gouvernement mise sur l'union des fêtes nationales républicaines française et américaine pour ranimer l'espoir, le courage et le patriotisme de tous les Français. Au-delà de l'hommage rendu à un allié que l'on espérait plus, l'union des deux fêtes devient le symbole de la solidarité et de la fraternité qui unit les deux Républiques-sœurs, et réaffirme la force et la légitimité du régime français en place. Le 14-Juillet, emblème du parcours social et politique français, connaît donc, à l’occasion de la Grande Guerre, une mutation, une redéfinition de sens. À l'image de la France, « moderne », le 14-Juillet tel que développé lors du conflit, ne cesse de s'adapter aux besoins et à l'image d'une société en constante évolution.
Keywords: 14-Juillet; 14th of July; 1914-1918; 4-Juillet; 4th of July; France; Grande Guerre; Great War; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Republicanism; Républicanisme; United-States of America; États-Unis

Les discours de Pierre Plaoul au Parlement de Paris (1406) : un exemple des rhétoriques française et latine au Moyen Âge tardif - Cormier, David C. (Université de Montréal, 2015)
Le 27 mai 1406, le théologien parisien Pierre Plaoul comparaît devant la cour du Parlement de Paris en tant que représentant de l’Université de Paris dans une affaire qui l’oppose à l’Université de Toulouse. Il y prononce un sermon en latin, ce que la cour lui reproche instantanément, lui demandant de parler en français pour la prochaine séance. Le 7 juin, lors de sa deuxième comparution, il parle cette fois en langue vernaculaire et prononce un discours extrêmement différent du premier, autant dans son genre que dans son registre de citations. Les deux discours sont conservés dans le registre X1a4787 des Archives nationales de France. L’édition des discours permet de comprendre le raisonnement derrière leurs différences, mais il permet surtout de constater que le discours français fait état d’une érudition encore plus grande que son homologue latin et que son orateur n’était nullement gêné par l’usage de la langue vernaculaire. Remis dans le contexte historiographique actuel, il en ressort que l’utilisation du français par Plaoul concorde parfaitement avec l’abandon du modèle de rapport diglossique entre latin et français pour la fin du Moyen Âge, lui préférant plutôt un rapport de langues en contacts. Ce postulat est soutenu par les nombreuses occurrences d’universitaires médiévaux démontrant une excellente maîtrise d’un registre savant de la langue vulgaire, des poètes, aux prédicateurs en passant par les practiciens du droit. Un examen plus attentif de l’utilisation de la langue française par les docteurs en théologie du règne de Charles VI vient aussi appuyer l’hypothèse selon laquelle les universitaires du bas Moyen Âge considéraient la langue vernaculaire comme un instrument approprié à la transmission de la culture savante.
Keywords: Epistola tholosana; Faculty of theology; Faculté de théologie; Français; French; Grand schisme d'Occident; Great schism; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Latin; Middle Ages; Moyen Âge; Pierre Plaoul; University of Paris; Université de Paris

Le problème goth au IIIe siècle ap. J.-C. : perceptions et réalités, solutions et échecs militaires - Courpied, Édouard (Université de Montréal, 2014)
Au coeur de la crise du IIIe siècle, l’Empire subit de toutes parts les assauts de Barbares soudainement plus nombreux et plus virulents. Parmi ces peuples se trouvaient les Goths, nouvellement arrivés, qui tinrent les Romains et leurs armées en échecs pendant vingt longues années. Face aux multiples défaites, parfois catastrophiques, et aux très nombreuses villes capturées et saccagées par les envahisseurs, ce mémoire se propose d’apporter une nouvelle approche à la compréhension des échecs dont les Romains firent l’expérience, mais aussi des solutions militaires qu’ils mirent en oeuvre face aux Goths au IIIe siècle. Les défaites majeures subies durant la décennie 250 sur le bas-Danube puis dans la région de la Mer Noire semblent pouvoir s’expliquer en partie par l’absence de connaissance qu’avaient Romains des Goths. Les premières victoires romaines significatives contre les Goths sous les règnes de Gallien puis Claude II ont été rendues possibles grâce à une évolution de la stratégie romaine face à cet ennemi, privilégiant l’emploi de la cavalerie et anticipant les schémas d’attaques des envahisseurs. Les décisions politiques et militaires d’Aurélien dans la région montrent que les Romains se sont enfin adaptés à la menace en modifiant leur perception des Goths, désormais mieux connus.
Keywords: Army; Armée; Claude II; Cniva; Crise; Crisis; Danube; Dèce; Ethnographie; Ethnography; Gallien; Goths; Histoire romaine; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); IIIe siècle; Invasion; Mésie; Perception; Roman History; Seeing the other; Third Century

Les mères accusées d'infanticide dans le district judiciaire de Montréal 1798-1850 - Chênevert, Annie (Université de Montréal, 2013)
Au XIXe siècle, enfanter illégitimement représentait une transgression importante. Honteuses, abandonnées par leur amant, craignant d’être répudiées par leur famille et leur communauté, de nombreuses célibataires ne purent assumer les conséquences de leur grossesse. Confrontées à des méthodes contraceptives et abortives inefficaces, incapables d’intenter un procès pour reconnaissance de paternité ou inconscientes du fait que les orphelinats et les maternités leur offraient des alternatives, ces femmes entreprirent de cacher leur grossesse et se résolurent à tuer leur enfant presque immédiatement après leur naissance. La découverte du cadavre d’un nouveau-né déclenchait une enquête officielle et quelques femmes furent trainées devant les tribunaux. Cette étude met l'accent sur le parcours individuel et social des mères infanticides et tente de comprendre les circonstances qui firent d’elles des meurtrières.
Keywords: Abandon; Abandonment; Abortion; Avortement; Child; Contraception; Enfant; Femme; Grossesse; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Infanticide; Meurtre; Montréal; Murder; Pregnancy; Sexuality; Sexualité; Woman

La romanisation de l'Afrique romaine à travers la diffusion et l'évolution de la citoyenneté romaine, de la République à Caracalla: les cas de Thugga et Lepcis Magna - Cossette, Gabriel (Université de Montréal, 2012)
Le phénomène de la romanisation étant des plus complexe, il est donc nécessaire de se concentrer sur un seul de ses aspects, mais aussi sur un espace géographique restreint : la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine en Afrique proconsulaire. Quels sont ses mécanismes et ses processus? Quels sont les motifs pour Rome ou pour les indigènes? Finalement, quels sont les impacts de cette diffusion sur les individus ainsi que sur leur cité? Ultimement, y a-t-il eu une romanisation de l’Afrique par la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine? Voilà les questions qui ont été posées à travers l’étude des cas de Thugga et de Lepcis Magna. Finlement, il semble que l’empereur ainsi que les notables locaux furent des moteurs importants de cette diffusion, que les motifs pouvaient être stratégiques ou culturels pour l’empereur, mais surtout fiscaux pour les notables et que le principal impact, autant sur les individus que sur la cité, fut bel et bien la transformation, voire la romanisation juridique, de l’Afrique romaine.
Keywords: Afrique Romaine; Citoyenneté romaine; Early roman empire; Empire romain; Histoire romaine; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); Roman Africa; Roman citizenship; Roman history; Romanisation; Romanization

Le discours miterrandien envers l'Allemagne de 1981 à 1991 : une rhétorique pour la grandeur et l'indépendance de la France - Clermont, Frédéric (Université de Montréal, 2010)
Ce mémoire tente de présenter la politique allemande de François Mitterrand de 1981 à 1991 à travers le discours public du président français. À cette fin, il présente la position du chef d’État socialiste sur le rôle de l’Allemagne dans la construction de l’unité européenne et dans la politique de défense et de sécurité française, ainsi que sur la question de la réunification allemande. Il tente ensuite de situer la politique allemande de François Mitterrand par rapport à celle du général de Gaulle, et de juger de la valeur du discours public du président français comme source primaire. L’hypothèse principale que nous soutenons est que le président socialiste tente, de 1981 à 1991, de s’appuyer sur la République fédérale d’Allemagne pour atteindre les objectifs de grandeur et d’indépendance fixés pour la France par de Gaulle dans les années 1960. Nous croyons qu’il souhaite d’abord se rapprocher de la RFA pour que celle-ci l’aide à unifier politiquement, économiquement et militairement l’Europe autour du couple franco-allemand. Nous croyons également que Mitterrand veut s’assurer, au début des années 1980, que la RFA restera ancrée solidement au camp occidental et qu’elle ne glissera pas vers le neutralisme, ce qui doit, selon le président français, permettre à la France d’augmenter son niveau de protection face à l’URSS et accroître son indépendance face aux États-Unis. Enfin, nous croyons que le président socialiste ne tente pas d’empêcher la réunification de l’Allemagne, mais qu’il tente d’en ralentir le processus afin de pouvoir mettre en place l’unité européenne au sein de laquelle il souhaite exercer une influence sur l’Allemagne réunifiée, et à partir de laquelle il prévoit développer sa politique d’après-guerre froide. Ces initiatives doivent permettre à la France d’absorber les contrecoups de la réunification allemande et de sauvegarder ses intérêts nationaux. Dans l’ensemble, la politique allemande de François Mitterrand est en continuité avec la politique allemande développée par le général de Gaulle de 1958 à 1964. Les deux hommes cherchent ainsi à s’appuyer sur la RFA pour créer l’unité européenne afin que celle-ci serve de tremplin à la France pour qu’elle atteigne ses objectifs de grandeur et d’indépendance. Enfin, nous croyons que le discours public du président socialiste peut être utilisé comme source primaire car il renferme une quantité importante d’information, mais son utilisation doit se faire avec précaution car comme tous les discours politiques, il vise d’abord et avant tout à convaincre l’opinion publique du bien fondé des politiques avancées.
Keywords: Allemagne; Europe; France; François Mitterrand; German reunification; Germany; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Réunification allemande

Vertueuse, mondaine et intellectuelle : la féminité selon Giustiniana Wynne di Rosenberg-Orsini ou une perspective sur le genre à Venise au XVIIIe siècle - Church-Duplessis, Véronique (Université de Montréal, 2009)
Keywords: 18th century; Europe; Femmes; Gender; Genre; Giustiniana Wynne di Rosenberg-Orsini; Giustiniana di Rosenberg-Orsini; Histoire; History; Literature; Littérature; Sociability; Sociabilité; Venice; Venise; Women; XVIIIe siècle

Médecine et santé à Angkor : pouvoir royal, compassion et offre médicale sous le règne de Jayavarman VII (1181-1220) - Chhem, Rethy Kieth (Université de Montréal, 2009)
Keywords: Angkor; Bhaisajyaguru; Bouddhisme; Buddhism; Compassion; Hospitals; Hôpitaux; Jayavarman VII; Medicine; Médecine; Pouvoir royal; Power of monarch; Universities; Universités

Jacques-Pierre Brissot, Étienne Clavière et la libre Amérique : du gallo-américanisme à la mission Genet - Corriveau, Tamara (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: American revolution; Commerce; Enlightenment; French revolution; Liberalism; Liberty; Liberté; Libéralisme économique; Lumières; Moeurs; Morality; Moralité; Republicanism; Républicanisme; Révolution américaine; Révolution française

L'idée de décolonisation dans la pensée et l'action de Pierre Bourgault - Coté, Gaston (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Discours; Décolonisation; Histoire; Indépendance; Manifestation; Militantisme; Mémoire; Parti québécois; Québec; Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance nationale (RIN)

Mouvements sociaux, syndicats et action politique à Montréal : l'histoire du FRAP (1970-1974) - Comby, Marc (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Action politique; FRAP; Front d'action politique des salariés à Montréal; Montréal (ville); Mouvement populaire; Syndicalisme

Intégration nationale et éducation au Mexique L'Instituto Nacional Indigenista dans la municipalité d'Oxchuc, Chiapas, 1951-1971 - Corbeil, Laurent (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Acculturation; Indiens; Indigènes; Indigénisme; Tzeltal

Les expositions agricoles et industrielles à Montréal entre 1880 et 1884 - Constant, Jean-François (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Bruxelles; Expositions; Nation; Élites

La transmission du patrimoine seigneurial des familles du gouvernement de Montréal aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles - Couvrette, Sébastien (Université de Montréal, 2003)
Keywords: Histoire

Regards occidentaux sur l'Allemagne et son passé nazi : 1948-1997 - Chayer, Marie-Hélène (Université de Montréal, 2001)
Keywords: Histoire

Les accidents impliquant des enfants et l'attitude envers l'enfance à Montréal (1900-1945) - Cournoyer, Catherine (Université de Montréal, 2000)
Keywords: Histoire

Savoirs et pratiques autour de la tuberculose à Dakar, 1924-1969 : le destin d’une maladie sociale, du colonial au postcolonial - Camara, Fatoumata (Université de Montréal, 2021)
While strategies had been developed by the public authorities that had been operating in Dakar since the 1920s to contain the spread of tuberculosis, a social disease then identified as an obstacle to France's socio-political and economic projects in Dakar and West Africa, in 2019, some 40 years after Senegal's decolonization, the disease continued to be a concern for the city's health authorities. This raises several questions: Why, despite the manufacture of an anti-tuberculosis vaccine since the 1920s and the discovery of specific drugs in the 1940s and 1950s, tuberculosis continues to defy the plans implemented in Dakar to contain its spread? What has been done to halt its spread? Did the fight against tuberculosis in Dakar also involve action on the factors that contributed to the spread of the disease? Was it the implementation of TB control measures that was failing? The hypothesis underlying this thesis is that the fight against tuberculosis was not a priority for Dakar health authorities, but also that the inadequacy of the various preventive and curative measures against this disease explains the limits of the action taken so far and, consequently, the persistence of tuberculosis in this city. Through an evaluation of the organization and execution of the various measures taken since 1924, this thesis attempts to shed light on the factors explaining the persistence of tuberculosis in Dakar until 1969 and to identify continuities, and not only breaks, between the colonial and national periods in order to better understand the current place of the infectious disease in the country. It also envisages seeing with reference to what knowledge and practices were maked choices concerning measures to combat tuberculosis and seeks to study the modalities of implementation of the various measures adopted to halt the development of this disease in order to grasp distances between intentions and actions taken. In order to assess the impact of the various plans to combat tuberculosis in Dakar over the chosen period, attention is also paid to their reception and the attitudes that they have aroused among the population of Dakar.
Keywords: Afrique occidentale française; Dakar; French West Africa; History - African / Histoire - Africaine (UMI : 0331); Sénégal; Tuberculose; Tuberculosis; Western medicine; medicalization; médecine occidentale; médicalisation

L’imaginaire évolutionniste dans les Mémoires de la Société royale du Canada (1882-1894) - Cadieux, David (Université de Montréal, 2018)
Ce mémoire explore la place de l’évolutionnisme culturel dans les premières années d’existence de la Société royale du Canada. Il représente une contribution à l’histoire culturelle et sociale du monde intellectuel canadien. La recherche est basée sur une analyse des communications traitant de la question autochtone présentées dans les Mémoires entre 1882 et 1894. La période couverte recoupe une partie des années durant lesquelles le gouvernement canadien développe et applique une politique de colonisation dans l’ouest du pays. Cette histoire de la production de la Société royale du Canada offre une perspective originale sur l’histoire scientifique du pays et illustre le rôle de l’institution dans l’élaboration de certains discours racisés. Les publications révèlent en particulier l’importance de l’anthropologie linguistique dans la diffusion du paradigme évolutionniste. Cette étude présente les indices du développement de ce paradigme à travers certaines interactions entre les membres de la Société royale du Canada. L’adhésion à la rhétorique évolutionniste est manifeste dans les textes consacrés aux Autochtones parus dans les Mémoires, particulièrement à travers la manipulation de théories linguistiques qui produit des classifications hiérarchiques.
Keywords: Anthropologie; Anthropology; Autochtones; Evolutionism; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Linguistique; Native Canadians; Paradigme; Royal Society of Canada; Société royale du Canada; linguistics; paradigm; Évolutionnisme

Liberté, égalité, fraternité, la place des réfugiés de Saint-Domingue et de la France à La Nouvelle-Orléans vue par les correspondances d’Henri de Ste Gême (1767-1842) - Cadorette, Mickaël (Université de Montréal, 2017)
During his lifetime from 1767 to 1842, Henri de Ste-Gême, an émigré of the French Revolution migrated to the French colony of Saint-Domingue where he fought for both the British and the Republican armies. Afterwards he migrated to Cuba and to New Orleans where he fought under the command of General Andrew Jackson during the Battle of New Orleans and was praised for his service. Henri de Ste-Gême returned to France in 1818 and imparted the Louisiana business to his friends. Notably, it was Jean Boze who would later write chronicles about what was going on in New Orleans. This correspondence serves as a witness to the evolution of New Orleans during the 1830s at a moment where the Francophones went from being a majority to a minority. Further, this Americanization and diversification of the population is described by Boze, a Saint-Domingue refugee, who devotes special attention to this part of the population and to their relationship with other francophones during that time period. Furthermore, Boze’s correspondence reveals France’s importance in American Louisiana particularly in the 1830s, when New Orleans formed an enclave in the French Atlantic world and when the French-speaking population developed a hybrid identity.
Keywords: 19th century; Atlantic history; Cuba; France; French Atlantic; Henri de Ste Gême; History - United States / Histoire - États-Unis (UMI : 0337); Jean Boze; Louisiana; Louisiane; New Orleans; Nouvelle-Orléans; Saint-Domingue; Saint-Domingue refugee; United States; XIXe siècle; atlantique français; histoire; histoire de l'atlantique; history; identity; identité; réfugiés de Saint-Domingue; États-Unis; émigré

Les représentations sexuelles sur les vases attiques à figure rouge : entre sexualité et «pornographie» - Chaput, Samuel (Université de Montréal, 2017)
La présente étude sert à rassembler tous les vases attiques à figure rouge présentant des scènes sexuellement explicites connues à ce jour. Un examen attentif de ces sources permit de les décrire ainsi que de les comparer afin d'en faire ressortir les similitudes et les différences. Ces vases, étrangement, proviennent majoritairement d'Étrurie, ce qui surprend lorsqu'on sait qu'ils ont été fabriqués en Grèce. Grâce à l'étude du commerce à cette époque, on constate que ces vases n'occupaient pas une grande place dans les relations commerciales entre Grecs et Étrusques. De plus, ces derniers les utilisaient dans un contexte funéraire, ce qui diffère grandement des Grecs. En effet, ces derniers semblent avoir utilisé ces vases dans un contexte où le vin était central, le symposion. Bien que ce genre de banquet était une activité généralement domestique, on se rend compte, à la lumière de découvertes archéologiques, que les vases sexuellement explicites auraient pu être utilisés dans un contexte lié à la prostitution, les bordels. Ceci nous amène donc à nous questionner quant au statut des femmes qui y sont représentées. Finalement, l'étude des sources littéraires, de peu contemporaines aux vases à l'étude, nous renseigne, en partie, sur les opinions quant aux différentes pratiques sexuelles de l'époque. Au final, bien que des pistes théoriques intéressantes se dégagent de l'étude de ces vases, il reste que des conclusions sûres et hors de tout doute sont impossibles étant donné le manque de source. Ces vases présentent donc un portrait à mi-chemin entre la réalité et le symbolisme de la sexualité en Grèce antique.
Keywords: Antiquity; Antiquité; Figure rouge; Greece; Grèce; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); Pornographie; Pornography; Red figure; Sexuality; Sexualité; Vase

Modernizing Mount Royal Park : Montréal’s Jungle in the 1950s - Caron, Matthieu (Université de Montréal, 2016)
Durant les années 1950, les autorités municipales, sous la pression du département de la police, ont demandé le déboisement d’une section du parc du Mont-Royal. Cette section, communément appelée la « Jungle » et principalement composée de broussailles, de buissons et d’arbres, était fréquentée par une clientèle considérée comme indésirable. Cette dernière comprenait, essentiellement, des alcooliques, des voyous, des pervers, et, surtout, des homosexuels. Leur éradication s’est alors déployée selon un plan en trois étapes qui avait pour objectif de simplifier les techniques de surveillance utilisées par le département de la police. D’abord, une augmentation de l’éclairage, puis, le déboisement de la « Jungle », et, finalement, la construction d’une route, aujourd’hui connue sous le nom de Camillien-Houde. Le parc devenait ainsi plus accessible et plus sécuritaire. Les coupes, que l’on a appelées les « coupes de la moralité », ont eu un effet considérable sur l’environnement et la composition écologique du parc, donnant, entre autres, aux Montréalais, l’impression que le parc était devenu chauve (ce qui lui conféra d’ailleurs le surnom de Mont Chauve). Les transformations du parc du Mont-Royal n’étaient cependant pas limitées à sa Jungle. En fait, des modifications furent aussi mises en application dans d’autres sections considérées comme sous-développées. La métamorphose du parc et de sa « Jungle » était un acte de développement caractéristique de l’ère moderniste de la planification du Montréal d’après-guerre. La re-planification du parc du Mont-Royal témoigne ainsi d’une volonté sans bornes des autorités d’instaurer la moralité et la modernité dans la ville, volonté qui aura pour conséquence d’altérer la composition écologique du parc. C’est ce qui sera à l’origine d’une campagne nommée « Save-the-Mountain Movement », qui a cherché à empêcher la modernisation de l’espace et milité pour la réhabilitation du parc en tant que boisé paisible.
Keywords: Camillien-Houde; Environmental History; Histoire Environnementale; Histoire Urbaine; History - Modern / Histoire - Moderne (UMI : 0582); Homosexuality; Homosexualité; Jungle; Modernity; Modernité; Mont Chauve; Montréal; Morality; Moralité; Mount Baldy; Mount Royal Park; Parc du Mont-Royal; Urban History

La correspondance transatlantique des Prize Papers (1744-1763) : famille, commerce et communications en temps de guerre - Cadieux, Philippe (Université de Montréal, 2016)
Au cours des années comprises entre 1744 et 1763, le monde atlantique connaît deux guerres majeures. La France et ses colonies américaines sont impliquées dans une lutte acharnée contre l’Empire britannique. Les deux puissances rivales misent alors largement sur la guerre de course. Au-delà des conséquences commerciales et militaires évidentes, la guerre de course perturba aussi les communications transatlantiques. En effet, la prise d’un navire signifiait le plus souvent la perte des lettres qu’il transportait ou, dans le meilleur des cas, leur saisie, interrompant du même coup l’acheminement maritime du courrier. Les archives des Prize Papers, conservant des lettres et autres documents saisis par des corsaires britanniques, incarnent bien cette réalité. On y trouve notamment de nombreuses lettres françaises interceptées dans ces circonstances. Considérant que l’intérêt historique de ce fonds d’archives mérite d’être davantage souligné, cette recherche analysera donc certaines de ces correspondances françaises trouvées au sein des Prize Papers. À travers celles-ci, nous tenterons de reconstituer le système de communication transatlantique français et de ses acteurs en temps de guerre. Nous nous pencherons d’abord sur l’histoire de la constitution de ce fonds d’archives bien particulier, avant de présenter les pratiques de communication employées par les correspondants transatlantiques et les façons dont la guerre a pu les affecter. Il sera ensuite question des informations elles-mêmes qui furent véhiculées dans ce contexte si difficile.
Keywords: Atlantique français; Colonial trade; Commerce; Communications transatlantiques; Epistolarity; Famille; Family; French Atlantic; Guerre de course; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Privateering; Prize Papers; Transatlantic communications; Épistolarité

La science historique et le rapport aux savoirs des manuels québécois du cours collégial «Histoire de la civilisation occidentale» : analyse épistémologique et critique - Chartrand, Jean-François (Université de Montréal, 2015)
Alors que l’enseignement de l’histoire au Québec visait jadis à promouvoir l’acquisition par les élèves de contenus spécifiques, nationalistes et religieux, depuis plusieurs décennies des volontés scientifiques et politiques cherchent à réorienter la discipline. L’histoire enseignée doit dorénavant orienter son approche sur celle de la science histoire. D’une focalisation sur la transmission de contenus, on vise maintenant l’apprentissage d’un mode spécifique d’appréhension du réel : la pensée historienne. Cette étude soulève la question de la correspondance entre l’histoire enseignée et l’historiographie savante actuelle dans un contexte de changement de paradigme épistémologique et des rapports au savoir que cela implique. L’hypothèse posée est que l’histoire enseignée – telle qu’elle apparait dans les manuels d’histoire occidentale à l’usage des cégépiens et cégépiennes – n’a pas suivi l’évolution historiographique des dernières années, précisément quant à leur posture épistémologique.
Keywords: Constructivism; Constructivisme; Epistemology; Histoire; History; History college textbook; Manuel d’histoire de cégep; Rapport au savoir; Relation to knowledg; Social Sciences - History of Science / Sciences sociales - Histoire des sciences (UMI : 0585); Épistémologie

La Commission royale d’enquête sur la fonction publique de 1907-1908 : un projet de réforme libérale de l’appareil administratif canadien - Carrière, Julien (Université de Montréal, 2014)
La réforme de la fonction publique de 1908 constitue un moment décisif dans le développement de l’appareil étatique canadien. En effet, elle rejette un système jusque-là fondé sur le favoritisme, pour introduire les principes du mérite, de l’indépendance et de la neutralité des fonctionnaires, principes qui régissent encore aujourd'hui la fonction publique canadienne. Ces changements se produisent à la suite d’une longue réflexion sur la nature de la fonction publique, amorcée au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, qui trouve largement écho dans le monde anglo-américain, mais qui s’est souvent butée à l'intérêt des politiciens pour le statu quo. Même si les grandes idées de réforme de la fonction publique sont connues, voire acceptées par certains dès les années 1870, ce n’est qu’à la suite du dépôt du rapport de la commission royale d’enquête de 1907-1908 que les politiciens y acquiescent en pratique et entreprennent des changements majeurs, en 1908. Le mémoire s’intéresse plus précisément à cette commission royale d’enquête de 1907-1908 et à la réforme législative qui s'ensuit, en 1908, épisode méconnu de l'histoire politique canadienne et assez peu documenté. L’étude cherche tout d’abord à déterminer le contexte politique et idéologique présidant à la création de cette commission d’enquête, puis en examine les travaux en profondeur afin de démontrer comment ses constats et recommandations ont poussé le gouvernement canadien à réformer la fonction publique et les principes directeurs qui en guident l'action. Cela fait, nous analyserons les différents éléments de la réforme elle-même, dans le but de voir comment elle rompt avec les conceptions qu'on entretient jusque-là et comment elle s’inscrit dans un nouveau cadre idéologique, produit d’une vision libérale de l’État.
Keywords: Canada; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); John Mortimer Courtney; State formation; civil service (1867-1914); civil service reform; commission d’enquête; construction de l’État; depoliticization; dépolitisation; fonction publique (1867-1914); gouvernement; government; liberalism; libéralisme; merit; mérite; public inquiry; réforme de la fonction publique

Impact de l'art de la guerre napoléonien dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle - Chalvardjian, Eugène (Université de Montréal, 2013)
Le 18 juin 1815, Napoléon fut renversé à Waterloo, mais son art de la guerre survécut. Il s'agit de cet art militaire qu'il avait révolutionné et dont d'autres firent de nombreuses applications longtemps après sa disparition. S'inspirant des méthodes des théoriciens du XVIIIe siècle, il avait privilégié la stratégie d'anéantissement dans la conduite d'opérations militaires et se classait ainsi dans la catégorie des stratèges recherchant avant tout la bataille décisive en vue de détruire les forces ennemies. À la lumière des tactiques et stratégies que Bonaparte utilisa dans ses plus célèbres campagnes, cette thèse tentera de dégager les méthodes napoléoniennes qui furent le plus souvent utilisées au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Les conflits étudiés durant cette période seront la guerre de Crimée (1853-1856), la campagne d'Italie (1859), la guerre de Sécession américaine (1861-1865), la guerre austro-prussienne (1866) et la guerre franco-prussienne (1870-1871). Cette recherche tiendra compte non seulement de l'influence des progrès de l'armement et des moyens de transport et de communication sur l'art de la guerre en général, mais aussi du contexte économique, financier, politique et militaire des États bélligérants de cette époque. Parmi les nombreux exégètes de Bonaparte du XIXe siècle, deux théoriciens militaires en particulier, Clausewitz et Jomini, se distinguèrent dans l'interprétation savante de la guerre napoléonienne. Tout en analysant l'impact des méthodes de l'Empereur dans les guerres selectionnées, nous allons déterminer dans quelle mesure la vision jominienne des campagnes de Bonaparte divergeait de celle de Clausewitz en ce qui concerne les conflits traités. Nous aborderons ensuite l'influence napoléonienne sur l'administration, l'organisation et les marches des armées impliquées dans les guerres en question et nous porterons une attention particulière à l'impact du système militaire de Bonaparte sur certains aspects du déroulement même des combats. Nous terminerons cette étude par un bref aperçu sur les enseignements que les militaires au XIXe siècle purent dégager des campagnes napoléoniennes pour la conduite des guerres de l'avenir.
Keywords: Angleterre; Annihilation strategy; Austria; Autriche; England; France; History - Military / Histoire - Militaire (UMI : 0722); IItaly; Italie; Napoleon I; Napoléon 1er; Offensive tactics; Prusse; Prussia; Russia; Russie; Stratégie d'anéantissement; Tactiques offensives; United-States; États-Unis

Analyse du regard de trois quotidiens français sur l'Algérie postcoloniale : 1962-1971 - Chabalier, Jaurès (Université de Montréal, 2012)
The collapse of the French colonial empire begins in the 1950s. After losing its colonies in Morocco and Indochina, France was faced with the secession of its most important colony, Algeria. The French had difficulty accepting the separation as it not only represented the fall of the colonial empire, but the destruction of cherished dreams. More than fearing losing their status as a colonial power, the French fear they will also lose their world great power status and their vision of being a country with a mission civilisatrice. To understand the evolution in the perception the French had of Algeria after the Algerian decolonization through various schools of thought, this thesis looks at editorials published in three French newspapers (Le Figaro, L’Humanité and Le Monde) between 1962 and 1971, which covered events taking place in Algeria. More specifically, this thesis examines OAS terrorist action in the period between the Évian Accords and the Algerian referendum, the conflict within the National Liberation Front (FLN) to decide who would be in power, the conflict with the Socialist Forces Front (SFF), the war with Morocco, the Boumedienne coup d’état and the nationalization of Algerian oil.
Keywords: Algeria; Algérie; Ben Bella; Boumedienne; Colonisation; Colonization; Decolonization; Décolonisation; FLN; France; French journals; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Journaux français; Le Figaro; Le Monde; L’Humanité; OAS

La politique allemande de la France telle que perçue par la presse française (1919-1926) - Chartier Jacques, Christopher (Université de Montréal, 2011)
La France est souvent perçue comme la principale garante du traité de Versailles. Le révisionnisme français envers l’ordre établi par le traité, contrairement au même courant chez les responsables allemands, est un sujet peu étudié. Il a été abordé par quelques auteurs, tels George-Henri Soutou et Stanislas Jeannesson, mais la question mérite davantage d’élaboration. Grâce à l’analyse de la presse française, ce mémoire vérifie l’existence d’une volonté de rendre le traité de paix plus favorable à la France. Une Machtpolitik ainsi qu’un révisionnisme français sont apparents de 1919 à 1923 avec, comme zénith, l’occupation de la Ruhr. Les années suivantes virent la situation de la France se détériorer sur les plans politique, économique et diplomatique. La dégradation de sa posture inclina la France à se tourner vers une conciliation qui émanait de l’esprit du traité de Versailles. La couverture de l’actualité internationale de trois journaux français (Le Temps, L’Action française et L’Humanité) avant et après l’invasion de la Ruhr est analysée. On constate l’existence d’un révisionnisme français qui mène, après son échec en 1924, à un recentrage de la politique allemande de la France. En liant la perception des différents journaux à leur idéologie, nous avons aussi expliqué les variations dans leurs analyses des mêmes événements. L’étude de la presse, conjuguée aux sources secondaires, révèle un discours teinté d’une volonté révisionniste. Elle porte à croire, aussi, que le traité de Versailles ne fut réellement défendu en France qu’après l’échec de la politique de puissance et du révisionnisme français.
Keywords: France’s newspapers; French revisionism; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Occupation de la Ruhr; Occupation of the Ruhr; Raymond Poincaré; Treaty of Versailles; collective security; franco-german diplomacy; presse française; rapports franco-allemands; révisionnisme français; sécurité collective; traité de Versailles

Le discours de guerre tenu aux enfants montréalais au sujet de la Première Guerre mondiale entre 1914 et 1918 - Cardinal, Sophie (Université de Montréal, 2010)
L’étude du discours de guerre destiné aux enfants de Montréal, entre 1914 et 1918, concernant la Première Guerre mondiale n’a pas retenu l’attention des historiens canadiens. Pourtant, à travers une analyse des journaux montréalais, des revues pédagogiques du Québec, de certains écrits gouvernementaux, il est possible de comprendre comment la guerre est expliquée aux enfants. Ce mémoire vise à mettre en relief les caractéristiques et les objectifs du discours de guerre destiné aux enfants montréalais d’âge primaire. Le premier chapitre s’attardera aux connaissances factuelles transmises aux enfants afin d’établir les raisons qui leur sont présentées quant aux origines de la guerre. Nous constaterons la mise en place d’un triple discours : un discours de peur, un discours visant à rassurer et un discours culpabilisant pour sensibiliser les enfants à l’effort de guerre canadien. Le chapitre suivant analyse les principales caractéristiques des récits de guerre proposés aux enfants. Nous serons ainsi en mesure de cerner les objectifs de ce genre d’histoires. Enfin, nous verrons la place de l’enfant dans le discours de guerre. Nous montrerons comment l’enfant des récits de guerre devient un acteur dans le conflit et comment les écrits utilisent les actions héroïques enfantines. Dans cette guerre qui insiste sur la mobilisation de tous, le discours s’adresse aux filles et, surtout, aux garçons. La Première Guerre mondiale est un sujet incontournable à tel point qu’elle sert de prétexte pour inculquer aux enfants certaines connaissances traditionnelles et nouvelles. Elle s’immisce dans le quotidien de l’enfant, à l’école, dans ses loisirs et dans ses corvées familiales. L’enfant doit développer son patriotisme et les qualités « naturelles » propres à son sexe : les garçons doivent apprendre à faire la guerre et les filles à la soutenir. Le discours de guerre cherche à embrigader l’enfant dans l’effort de guerre canadien. Il insiste sur plusieurs nouvelles thématiques qui auparavant ne faisaient pas partie des enseignements habituels, comme la situation géopolitique de la Belgique. Il incite les petits Montréalais à devenir de bons futurs citoyens qui sauront, si l’occasion se représente, donner leur vie pour leur pays, mais, dans l’immédiat, il les incite surtout à participer à l’effort de guerre.
Keywords: Canada; Child rearing; Children; Education; Enfants; First World War; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Leisure activities; Loisirs; Masculinity; Masculinité; Montreal; Montréal; Patriotism; Patriotisme; Première Guerre mondiale; Propaganda; Propagande; Stereotypes; Stéréotypes

Quand les Afro-Américains devinrent Démocrates : étude de la transformation du militantisme noir de Boston, 1918-1925 - Chantal, Julie de (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Boston; Ethnicity; Ethnicité; Irish Americans; Irlando-Américains; Ku Klux Klan; NAACP; Race relationships; Relations raciales; United States of America; William Monroe Trotter; Yankees; États-Unis d'Amérique

La chute et ses leçons : la métamorphose des sciences en Russie - Carette, Nicolas (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Communauté scientifique occidentale; Ethos scientifique; Post-soviet science; Sciences post-soviétiques; Sciences soviétiques; Scientific ethos; Soviet science; Western scientific community

Iberville et les historiens : Le parcours historiographique d'un héros de la Nouvelle-France - Camirand, David (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Historiographie (Québec); Mémoire collective; Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville (1661-1706)

Le contrôle des guerres privées sous le règne de Philippe VI de Valois (1328-1350) - Champagne, Cédric (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Guerre de Cent Ans; Guerre privée; Lettres de rémission; Moyen Âge; Noblesse; Ordre public; Philippe de Valois; XIVe siècle

Étude comparative des campagnes napoléoniennes d'Iéna et Waterloo - Chalvardjian, Eugène (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Angleterre; France; Iéna; Prusse; Stratégies et tactiques militaires; Waterloo

Les soldats français à Montréal au XVIIIe siècle : activités et intégration sociale des soldats vues à travers les sources judiciaires - Charland, Stéphanie (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Histoire militaire; Justice; Montréal; Nouvelle-France; Vie quotidienne; Vie économique; XVIIIe siècle

La mise en place d'un réseau d'influence ecclésiastique au service de l'État royal français du XVe siècle : les d'Amboise - Busseau, Laurent François (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Histoire

L'authenticité et la véracité des témoins selon le chroniqueur hennuyer Jean Froissard - Campeau, Francis (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Angleterre; Chroniques; Culture juridique; France; Guerre de Cent Ans; Histoire; Moyen Âge

Commercialisation des produits de beauté, pratiques esthétiques et représentations du corps de la femme à Montréal, 1870-1915 - Chartrand, Mélanie (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Beauté; Cosmétiques; Femme; Histoire; Montréal; Québec; XIXe siècle; XXe siècle

La guerre d'Algérie vue par le New York Times et le Times (1954-1962) - Bussière, Réjean (Université de Montréal, 2002)
Keywords: Histoire

Merging amerindian & euroamerican understandings of a shared past : the 1832 Washaw conflict - Chabot, Cecil (Université de Montréal, 2002)
Keywords: Histoire

Les cultes des eaux douces à Rome d’après les sources de la République tardive et du Haut-Empire : une idiosyncrasie culturelle? - Buruiana, Traïan (Université de Montréal, 2022)
This doctoral thesis in history focuses on the religious relationship between the ancient Romans and the freshwater which they lived nearby as inhabitants of a river town. This study starts from the observation that Romans are known for their technical knowledge of water and their aqueducts. However, religious beliefs associated with water have yet to be fully examined and remain scattered throughout historiography. To fill this gap, this study presents a synthesis of the aquatic cultures of the Romans from literary, archaeological, and epigraphic sources, dating mostly from the Late Republic and the High Empire (1st century BC. 3rd century)
Keywords: Dieux; Eau; Festivals; Fontaines; Fountains; History - General / Histoire générale (UMI : 0578); Juturne; Mythes; Myths; Neptune; Nymphs; Religion; Rites; Rituals; Rome; Source; Temples; Tibre; Water

Enjeux, symboliques et pratiques du don animalier au XIIIe siècle : perspectives conceptuelle, zoologique et historique Faucons, fauves, ours blancs et éléphants - Bouzigues, Benoit (Université de Montréal, 2020)
The main purpose of this text is to study the practices, the issues and the modalities of the animal diplomatic gift in the 13th century, especially during the reign of Frederick II, Henry III and Louis IX. The analysis is based on the presentation of the sociological and anthropological conceptualizations of the gift, particularly those of Marcel Mauss. They are used to understand the peculiarities of the animal diplomatic gift in the 13th century. Then, a research on animal descriptions of medieval bestiaries and encyclopedias is conducted to show the symbolic power and the physical and behavioral characteristics of the offered wildlife. Finally, several modalities of the donation are developed, such as the selection criteria and the wildlife preferences of the kings, the context and rules of the elaboration of a present and the movement of given animals. In addition, it is shown how the beasts and birds had a real use for the kings. Indeed, they staged their animals in order to appropriate their symbolism and show off their prestige and their greatness, at events or in the menageries.
Keywords: Animals; Animaux; Bestiaire; Bestiary; Diplomacy; Diplomatie; Dons; Encyclopedia; Encyclopédie; Exoticism; Exotisme; Gifts; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Kings; Marcel Mauss; Menagerie; Ménagerie; Prestige; Rois; Symbolism; Symbolisme

Transmission transatlantique de savoirs en sciences naturelles d’Amérique française au XVIIIe siècle; Étude comparative des écrits de Kalm (Canada), de Barrère (Guyane française), de Le Page du Pratz (Louisiane) et de Dumont de Montigny (Louisiane) - Brassard, Alice (Université de Montréal, 2020)
Following their colonization of America in the 17th and 18th centuries, the French drew up inventories for the resources of the occupied or coveted territory. Being able to describe all this wealth, natural history thus became the ultimate colonial knowledge and one of the central cogs of the French Colonial Machine. Also, the textual legacy of this activity is considerable and various points of view are taken into account: an enterprising settler, for example, will not see Louisiana’s resources in the same way as a travelling metropolitan official or a botanist on assignment. However, the colonial perspective is widely spread and all these texts, or almost all of them, are evidence of the appropriation of American plants, minerals and animals. The position of indigenous people and slaves – whether of indigenous or African-American origin – as actors in the process of knowledge creation depends on the context and the author’s stance. This thesis focuses on a small number of compelling texts from the natural history corpus of the French mainland colonies in America. Four authors who worked in or visited Canada (Kalm), French Guiana (Barrère) and Louisiana (Le Page du Pratz and Dumont de Montigny) are studied in depth. We first examine the different contexts of knowledge acquisition. Subsequently, we analyze the colonial resources inventories available at that time and how the sources are managed. Lastly, we conclude by looking at how these naturalist writers transmit to their European readers their newly acquired knowledge and the impact that their work will have.
Keywords: African-American; Afro-Américain; Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz (Louisiana); Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz (Louisiane); Autochtone; Circulation du savoir; Esclaves; Histoire des sciences naturelles; History - Modern / Histoire - Moderne (UMI : 0582); Indigenous; Jean-François-Benjamin Dumont de Montigny (Louisiana); Jean-François-Benjamin Dumont de Montigny (Louisiane); Knowledge flow; Natchez; Natural science history; Naturalist; Naturaliste; Pehr Kalm (Canada); Pierre Barrère (French Guiana); Pierre Barrère (Guyane française); Slaves; Transatlantic communication; Transmission transatlantique; XVIIIème siècle

Le pouvoir impérial romain et les cultes isiaques à Rome (IIIe-IVe siècles) - Briaud, Stéphanie (Université de Montréal, 2016)
Les cultes isiaques se répandent autour du bassin méditerranéen entre le IVe s. av. et la fin du IVe s. apr. J.-C., arrivant à Rome au Ier siècle av. notre ère et y disparaissant conjointement aux cultes païens traditionnels avec ou peu après le coup porté par Théodose. Leur diffusion romaine s’étale donc sur une grande partie de l’histoire de l’Empire d’Occident, et ils vont ainsi se retrouver face à l’homme désormais considéré comme primus inter pares, grâce à l’accumulation de ses pouvoirs. L’empereur est pontifex maximus, c’est-à-dire maitre des cultes publics et du droit religieux, et il est ainsi l’agent du pouvoir qui a le potentiel religieux et législatif pour avoir un discours varié sur les autres traditions religieuses. Il semble donc inévitable que la sphère cultuelle isiaque rencontre et interagisse avec la sphère religieuse traditionnelle romaine, et que certains empereurs interfèrent, par renforcement ou au contraire par opposition, avec les cultes isiaques arrivés peu de temps avant l’avènement du pouvoir impérial. Cette thèse se propose non seulement d’étudier la dialectique entre institué romain (la force d’inertie) et instituant isiaque (la force de changements) dans la direction d’une potentielle altérité incluse (soit le dialogue évolutif du Nous par rapport à l’Autre), mais notamment par les liens publics romains et évolutifs entre l’empereur et les divinités isiaques. Nous effectuons cette recherche grâce à quatre types de sources antiques : la littérature pour le point de vue de l’élite littéraire gréco-romaine ; les inscriptions isiaques pour une définition surtout populaire de l’identité évolutive de l’instituant isiaque ; les monnaies et les oeuvres monumentales pour le point de vue public (et parfois plus personnel) impérial. Nous concentrons notre étude à partir de la dynastie sévérienne, qui laisse supposer que les cultes romano-orientaux profitent de la nouvelle configuration impériale avec des empereurs originaires d’Afrique et d’Orient, dans un phénomène d’« impérialisation » isiaque intensifié par un engagement tant impérial que populaire. En outre, nous nuancerons les conséquences sur la diffusion isiaque des troubles qui surviennent dans la deuxième moitié du IIIe siècle. Enfin, le IVe siècle, avec la christianisation de l’Empire et donc un christianisme devenant institué, ouvre sur une analyse des débats entre les défenseurs actifs du paganisme et les auteurs chrétiens, et de là, vers des interrogations sur l’intervention de la sphère isiaque dans ce face-à-face.
Keywords: Antiquité tardive; Cultes isiaques; Dynastie sévérienne; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); Imperial power; Isiac worship; Isiacologie; Isiacology; Isis; Late empire; Pouvoir impérial; Rome; Sarapis; Severan dynasty; Sérapis

Un pont entre les obédiences : expériences normandes du Grand Schisme d'Occident (1378-1417) - Brabant, Annick (Université de Montréal, 2014)
Between 1378 and 1417, the Catholic Church was divided between two, and then three contending popes. While Urban VI and his successors settled in Rome, Clement VII and his successor, Benedict XIII, returned to Avignon. This dissertation documents and analyses the multiple experiences known in Normandy in reaction to the Great Western Schism. Norman commitments to resolve this division were plural and they were expressed in numerous manners. Relying on Vatican archives, University of Paris and local archives, this study demonstrates the different reactions that coexisted in Normandy in response to the Great Western Schism. Although the Norman nobility was generally favourable to the Avignon popes, officially recognized by the King of France, important waves of resistance to that papacy were also expressed amongst Norman clergymen, prelates, as well as university students and professors. This resistance led some to choose exile, in order to recognize the Roman popes. Those Norman exilees, although they formed a modest community, had considerable influence in the Roman obedience, and they have been the object of very little scholarly attention. Amongst the vast majority of those who remained in the obedience of Clement VII, many Norman intellectuals were known for being very critical, even being enemies of the Avignon popes. The relationships that exiled Normans maintained with their colleagues who remained in Clément VII’s obedience played a very important role in the dialogue between obediences that led to the council of Pisa in 1409. This dissertation highlights the multiplicity of Norman attitudes in response to the Great Western Schism, it deepens our knowledge of the various Norman groups touched by the division and it improves our understanding of the different debates that surrounded the crisis. It also allows to further the reflection on the questions of how the schism affected the notion of obedience, and of the Norman networks at work during that period.
Keywords: 14th century; 15th century; Grand Schisme d'Occident; Great Western Schism; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Networks; Normandie; Normandy; Obedience; Obéissance; Papacy; Papauté; Réseaux; XIVe siècle; XVe siècle

Une comparaison entre l’utilisation des troupes africaines par la France et l’Allemagne pendant la Première Guerre mondiale - Buitron Trindade, Marco Antonio (Université de Montréal, 2014)
Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, les puissances occidentales étaient obligées d’utiliser toutes leurs ressources afin de vaincre. Dans les colonies allemandes, les troupes coloniales, la Schutztruppe, la plupart étant des Africains noirs, avaient la responsabilité de défendre les colonies contre tout envahisseur. Pour sa part, la France craignait, depuis la fin de la guerre franco-allemande, l’écart démographique vis-à-vis de l’Allemagne. Elle a finalement pris la décision de renforcer ses troupes par des soldats africains, les Tirailleurs sénégalais étant les plus nombreux. Ce mémoire vise à analyser et à comparer le recrutement et le déploiement dans les deux cas, particulièrement l’idéologie qui soutenait ce recrutement, les relations entre Africains et Européens pendant la guerre, la contribution des Africains à l’effort de guerre, ainsi que les conséquences de la visibilité accrue des Africains dans la société européenne. En général, nous pouvons remarquer d’importantes ressemblances entre les deux cas, en particulier le fait que l’utilisation de troupes coloniales a eu pour fonction de justifier leurs politiques coloniales et de condamner celles de leur adversaire.
Keywords: Allemagne; Askari; First World War; France; Germany; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Première guerre mondiale; Tirailleurs

"Un homme sur deux est une femme" : intégrer le genre dans les manuels d’histoire de la civilisation occidentale au collégial : quelques propositions - Brodeur, Rosemarie (Université de Montréal, 2011)
L’histoire des femmes et l’histoire du genre se sont développées conjointement depuis plus d’une trentaine d’années. Pourtant, elles ne sont pas encore pleinement reconnues par les institutions universitaires, et encore moins par les institutions collégiales, les progrès historiographiques dans ces domaines étant exclus du cursus enseigné. Du moins, c’est ce que nous avons observé au niveau collégial au Québec, à la suite d’une évaluation de la trame narrative des manuels francophones et anglophones utilisés pour le cours Histoire de la civilisation occidentale. En effet, grâce à une analyse des chapitres couvrant la période moderne, soit de 1500 à 1800 environ, des manuels les plus utilisés pour l’enseignement de ce cours, nous avons pu établir que l’histoire des femmes et l’histoire du genre ne sont pas intégrées et qu’une différence existe entre la trame du manuel francophone et celle du manuel anglophone. Nous avons constaté que le seul cours d’histoire obligatoire au niveau collégial, qui tend à former des citoyens et des citoyennes éclairé(e)s ainsi qu’à transmettre une culture générale de base, exclut la moitié de la population de leurs enseignements. Aussi ce mémoire propose-t-il trois façons de remédier à cette situation.
Keywords: Civilisation occidentale; College-level teaching; Early modern period; Enseignement collégial; Femme; Gender; Genre; Histoire; History; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Western civilization; Women; Époque moderne

La définition de l'homme dans le discours féminin : l'exemple de La Donna galante ed erudita (Venise, XVIIIe siècle) - Brunelle Beauchemin, Odile (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: 18th century; Femme; Histoire; History; Homme; Italie; Italy; Mariage; Marriage; Men; Périodique féminin; Sociability; Sociabilité; Venice; Venise; Women; Women's magazine; XVIIIe siècle

L'origine païenne des fêtes chrétiennes : recherche historiographique - Brossard-Pearson, Stéphane (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Acculturation; Calendrier liturgique; Christianisation; Fêtes; Survivances païennes

L'étranger et sa terre d'accueil : attitudes des Irlando-Américains de New York devant la guerre hispano-américaine (1898) - Brochu-Blain, Charles (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Ethnicité; Guerre hispano-américaine; Identité; Impérialisme; Irlando-américains; Presse immigrante; États-Unis

Les relations entre Église et l'État selon la Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denis 1380-1422 - Brabant, Annick (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Charles VI; Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denis; Clergé; Grand Schisme D'occident; Relation Église-État

Travail social et maternité hors mariage au Québec, 1950-1970 : entre doctrine catholique et progressisme - Brunet, Marie-Hélène (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Centre Rosalie-Jetté; Laïcisation; Montréal; Mère célibataire; Québec; Révolution tranquille; Soeurs de Miséricorde; Travail social; École Rosalie-Jetté

Formation et développement d'une élite locale : le cas de Saint-Armand, de 1784 à 1831 - Bullett, Francis (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Cantons-de-l'Est; Colonisation; Franc-maçonnerie; Loyalistes; Micro-histoire; Milice; Rural; Élites

Le culte marial chez les Sulpiciens au XVIIe siècle - Boutin, Julie (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: France; Histoire socioreligieuse; Nouvelle-France; Sulpiciens; XVIIe siècle; Étude du genre

Herméneutique des discours de Lu Xun et Wang Shuo dans leurs oeuvres littéraires : une approche comparative - Brooks, Yannick (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Chine; Individualisme; Intellectuels; Littérature; Lu Xun; Vide culturel et crise identitaire; Wang Shuo

Influences et représentations des Jésuites dans l'Encyclopédie - Brodeur-Girard, Sébastien (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Encyclopédie; France; Jésuites; Lumières; Philosophes

Institutions et élites locales : la municipalité d'Hochelaga de 1860 à 1883 - Bujold, Alexandre (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Hochelaga; Institutions locales; Montréal; Petite bourgeoisie; Élites

Le veuvage en Nouvelle-France : genre, dynamique familiale et stratégies de survie dans deux villes coloniales du XVIIIe siècle, Québec et Louisbourg - Brun, Josette (Université de Montréal, 2001)
Keywords: New France; Veufs – Nouvelle-France – Conditions sociales; Veufs – Nouvelle-France – Conditions économiques; Veuvage – Différences entre sexes – Nouvelle-Écosse – Louisbourg; Veuvage – Nouvelle-France – 18e siècle; Veuvage – Nouvelle-France – Histoire – 18e siècle; Veuvage – Nouvelle-Écosse – Louisbourg; Veuvage – Québec (Province) – Québec; Veuvage – Québec – Québec – Différences entre sexes; Veuves – Nouvelle-France – Conditions sociales; Veuves – Nouvelle-France – Conditions économiques; Widowers – New France – Economic conditions; Widowers – New France – Social conditions; Widowhood – New France – 18th century; Widowhood – New France – History – 18th century; Widowhood – Nova Scotia – Louisbourg; Widowhood – Québec (Province) – Québec; Widowhood – Sex differences – Nova Scotia – Louisbourg; Widows – New France – Economic conditions; Widows – New France – Social conditions

Conception du monde et vision des Amérindiens chez P.-F.-X. de Charlevoix - Brodeur-Girard, Sébastien (Université de Montréal, 2000)
Keywords: 1682-1761; =CL; Charlevoix; Pierre-François-Xavier de

Étude sur les débuts du protestantisme français à partir d'une grille de lecture de l'histoire ecclésiastique des premières églises réformées au royaume de France - Brillon, Laurence (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: =CL; Histoire

La presse nationale française et la remise en question du traité de Versailles par l’Allemagne (1933-1939) - Boulanger, Xavier (Université de Montréal, 2022)
During the 1930s, France was hit by a political, economic, and diplomatic crisis which revealed many divisions in society. French journalists, seeking a solution to the national crisis, showed a particular interest towards their neighbor across the Rhine after the nomination of Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on January 30th, 1933. Hitler took advantage of France’s weakness and divisions to question but also oppose and act against the clauses of the Treaty of Versailles until the outbreak of World War II on September 1st, 1939. The objective of this research is to analyze how the French national press reacted to German revisionism from 1933 to 1939. In this context, the press’ perception of Hitler’s actions and how its opinions changed (or not) over time reveals the ways in which French newspapers interpreted events in Germany that affected France itself. By consulting editorials and opinion articles from five daily newspapers of different political orientations, namely L’Action française, L’Humanité, Le Figaro, Le Petit Parisien and Le Temps, this memoire analyse the opinion of the French national press on the revision of the Treaty of Versailles. This study contributes to the historiography of the interwar period and France’s reaction to German aggression in two ways. First, it shows that the press was not blind to Hitler’s revisionist plan. It also demonstrates that the French press remained divided concerning the actions of Nazi Germany until 1939. The protection of the Treaty of Versailles’ clauses and its system, which maintained the balance of power in Europe, polarised the French press and created a weakened national feeling until the outbreak of World War II. German revisionism fuelled the disagreements in the daily newspapers studied from 1933 to 1939.
Keywords: 1933-1939; French national press; German revisionism; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Le Figaro; Le Petit Parisien; Le Temps; L’Action française; L’Humanité; Treaty of Versailles; franco-german diplomacy; presse nationale française; rapports franco-allemands; révisionnisme allemand; traité de Versailles

Pour la paix ou le chaos? : la justification des violences dans le camp républicain pendant la guerre civile espagnole : 1936-1937 - Bourdon, Nicholas (Université de Montréal, 2019)
La guerra civil española ha sido un episodio trágico y violento de la historia de España y, en los últimos treinta años, la historiografía ha mostrado un especial interés por el estudio de las diversas formas de violencia que surgieron durante esa contienda. Esta tesis se va a centrar en la manera en la que se justifica la guerra y la violencia por parte de los republicanos. Este enfoque de análisis nos permitirá estudiar con más precisión ese proceso justificativo en los discursos que fueron puestos en circulación por el bando republicano, visto aquí de forma general. En esta tesis analizaremos la manera en la que el conflicto fue concebido como una guerra justa cuyo objetivo último fue visto como algo más que una sencilla victoria sobre el enemigo. En un contexto dónde la derecha se había levantado contra el gobierno del Frente Popular, surgido tras las elecciones del 16 de febrero de 1936, fue bastante fácil para los republicanos defender moralmente su implicación en un conflicto que tenía todas las características de una guerra total. Sobre todo, en una época en la que la violencia se veía cada vez más como un fenómeno amoral y punible; particularmente en las naciones liberales, tras el gran trauma que supuso la I Guerra Mundial en la conciencia colectiva. A pesar de que los republicanos estaban en plena contienda contra sus enemigos fascistas, la propagación de un discurso pacifista fue la manera empleada por ellos para garantizar la moralidad de sus propósitos ante la opinión pública española y mundial. A partir del análisis de la prensa, intentaremos estudiar esta aparente contradicción, muy lejos de ser la única en el mundo, pero que permitió a los republicanos defender la paz al mismo tiempo que estaban en plena guerra civil. El bando republicano fue de todo menos un grupo homogéneo. En él había republicanos de izquierda, socialistas, comunistas estalinistas, comunistas antiestalinistas e incluso anarquistas. La amenaza que representaba el fascismo para el cumplimiento de sus objetivos políticos forzó a estos grupos a unirse en la defensa de la bandera republicana, a pesar de haber luchado entre ellos antes de la guerra, para acabar así con el enemigo común; es decir, la derecha española apoyada por las potencias fascistas alemana e italiana. Todos los republicanos, sin excepción alguna, defendieron este discurso oficial “pacifista”; aunque este calificativo se usase de manera diferente, según sus preceptos ideológicos, por parte de cada uno de estos grupos que formaban parte de esta inusitada unidad antifascista. En suma, esta tesis tratará de relacionar los campos de estudios del pacifismo, de la guerra total y de las violencias en el contexto preciso de la guerra civil española durante sus momentos más agitados; es decir, desde el verano de 1936 y hasta el final del verano de 1937.
Keywords: Espagne; España; Guerra civil española; Guerra de España; Guerra total; Guerre civile espagnole; Guerre d'Espagne; Guerre totale; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Mobilisation de guerre; Movilización de guerra; Pacificism; Pacifisme; Pacifismo; Prensa republicana; Presse républicaine; Republican Newspaper; Spain; Spain's War; Spanish Civil War; Total War; Violence; Violencia; War Mobilization

« Ὥσπερ τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι… » : étude des « petits » sanctuaires oraculaires en Anatolie romaine - Bouillot, Kevin (Université de Montréal, 2019)
The recent historical studies questioned both the modern assumption that divinatory practices were marginal within the Greek religion and the uniform and often Delphic vision of the oracular sanctuary, partly by broadening the spectrum of the studied sanctuaries. This research intends to contribute to this reconsideration. Rendering the diversity of the oracular phenomenon implies questioning first the characteristics of the oracular sanctuaries. So doing, a lexical grid of the oracular sanctuary can be drawn and allows its systematic identification. Then a more complete survey can be applied to Roman Anatolia, a very rich region regarding testimonies and sanctuaries. Forty-six Anatolian sanctuaries can be identified this way, and described as far as allowed by available ancient documents. Studying and comparing these sanctuaries illustrate the diversity of the phenomenon that is irreducible to a single pattern, a deity, a divinatory method or a scale. On the contrary, it shows the embedding of these sanctuaries in the human geography of Anatolia, in the people’s religious life (and not only for consulting kings and cities) and on a wider scale in the whole plurality and diversity of ancient polytheism. It eventually shows the proximity between oracular practices and other Anatolian religious practices allowing an analogous access to the divine. It is eventually the (partly modern) category of the oracular sanctuaries that is to be questioned and reconsidered, given the blurry and imprecise borders within the ancient practices and experiences, and the plasticity of the Greek mind regarding divination and religion.
Keywords: Anatolie romaine; Ancient Greece; Grèce antique; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); Roman Anatolia; cartographie; dedication; divination; dédicace; epigraphy; histoire; history; mapping; oracle; oracular shrine; religion; sanctuaire; sanctuaire oraculaire; shrine; épigraphie

Questions de sources : les janissaires ottomans dans les récits de voyage européens au XVIIIe siècle - Blain, Charles-André (Université de Montréal, 2018)
This thesis studies the European travel literature concerning the Ottoman Empire and tries to analyse the role of the informers used by the Europeans in the creation of their representation of the janissaries within their travel accounts. Once the janissaries and the travel literature are presented in the first chapter, the second initiates a reflexion about the form taken by the representation of the janissaries. This representation is twofold : one is « individual », and the other is « collective ». In the first, the focus is put on understanding the representation of the many individuals composing this corps while in the second, the janissaries are seen as a collective entity. Once these parameters are set, the final chapter explore the mechanisms surrounding how travellers assemble their information to understand the janissaries by using three main groups of native informants. Following this analysis, we arrived at the conclusion that the informers either complexify, simplify or alter the perspectives of the travellers. It depends on the linguistic skills of each traveller, because it is the main factor that determines the identity of the people used by them to collect their information, and by extension, the extent to which those travellers exposed themselves to the filters created by linguistic intermediaries and translators. This conclusion enriches our understanding of the process which created the representations transmitted by travel literature, and also offers interesting leads for future analysis on travel accounts. Since considering the influence of the informers used by travellers in the description and explanation of subjects related to a scholar’s interests might be beneficial to his own understanding of his researchs.
Keywords: 18th century; History - Modern / Histoire - Moderne (UMI : 0582); XVIIIe siècle; informateurs; informers; janissaires; janissaries; littérature viatique; travel literature; travellers; voyageurs

La noblesse castillane et la mer durant la Guerre de Cent ans : étude des récits de voyage du Victorial et du Canarien - Bordua, Valérie (Université de Montréal, 2018)
The main purpose of this very text is to study the evolution of the French and Castilian nobilities at the end of the medieval ages through the manuscripts of the Victorial and the Canarian. The development of the nobility’s role is important to see the relationship of some nobles with the oceanic environment and the diplomatic impacts it had created at the beginning of the 15th century. Meanwhile, changes relatively to the relationship between nobility and royalty are also obvious, du to the disruption occasioned by the Hundred Years war. On the other hand, violence at sea also brings an interesting aspect to this study. It helps to understand the upcoming of new responsibilities to the nobles living on the coasts. Finally, the Victorial and the Canarian represent an important side of this work, not only because it shows the stylistic influence of the "amour courtois" literary movement, but also because they are posthumous testimony of the life of don Pero Niño and Jean de Béthencourt. All this proves that, even if the implication of nobles into major enterprises among the sea remains very limited, it is very clear that oceanic side becomes a new reality of war and political alliances at the end of the Middle Ages.
Keywords: Admiralty; Chivalric values; Diplomacy; Diplomatie; Guerre de course; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Navigation; Nobility; Noblesse; Piracy; Piraterie; Privateering; Royalty; Royauté; Valeurs chevaleresques; Violence at sea; Violence en mer

Neurasthénie sous influence? : l'appropriation d'une maladie «moderne» par les classes moyennes du Viêt Nam colonial (1925-1945) - Blanchette, Gisèle (Université de Montréal, 2016)
Au tournant du XXe siècle, la neurasthénie – ou épuisement nerveux – est devenue une maladie populaire en Occident et jusqu’au Japon en raison de son association avec la modernité. De nombreux rapprochements ont été faits entre ce diagnostic introduit en 1869 aux États-Unis et certaines maladies contemporaines comme la dépression, le syndrome de fatigue chronique, l’épuisement professionnel et toute la panoplie des maladies causées par le stress. Les transformations socioculturelles qu’a connues le Viêt Nam sous colonisation, principalement au cours des décennies 1920 et 1930, ont été propices à la dissémination du langage des nerfs et à l’appropriation du diagnostic de neurasthénie. Ce mémoire de maîtrise en histoire se penche sur les transformations sociales survenues sous le gouvernement colonial français, dont l’urbanisation et l’instruction publique, au milieu desquelles ont émergé les nouvelles classes moyennes urbaines qui ont adopté le diagnostic de neurasthénie. À partir de la presse vietnamienne de la période, ce travail met l’accent sur l’appropriation, les causes et les traitements de la maladie. Utilisant une approche comparant la neurasthénie en Occident, au Japon et en Chine, pour ensuite présenter son entrée au Viêt Nam, il montre que la domination et donc la subalternité ont compliqué l’accès des colonisés au diagnostic de la maladie moderne neurasthénie, de même qu’à la modernité. Il fournit toutefois un éclairage sur les débuts de l’histoire du diagnostic, encore utilisé de nos jours au Viêt Nam, d’une maladie appelée « la maladie de l’époque ».
Keywords: Citadins; Classes moyennes; Colonial period; Entre-deux-guerres; History - Asia - Australia and Oceania / Histoire - Asie - Australie et Océanie )(UMI : 0332); Indochina; Indochine; Inter-war period; Middle classes; Neurasthenia - history; Neurasthénie - histoire; Période coloniale; Urban Vietnamese; Viet Nam; Viêt Nam

La croisade tardive : des plans du début du XIVe siècle à la défaite de Nicopolis - Bontea, Cornel (Université de Montréal, 2014)
L’idée de la croisade reste présente toute au long du XIVe siècle comme bien le prouvent les projets écrits durant le siècle. Les théoriciens de la croisade décrivent minutieusement les mesures à suivre pour récupérer la Terre sainte. Deux éléments sont nécessaires pour pouvoir entreprendre une nouvelle expédition : la paix entre les princes chrétiens et l’union de l’Église. Au XIVe siècle, un transfert s’opère naturellement, et le mouvement de recuperatio de la Terre sainte se projette contre les ennemis les plus proches de la chrétienté, faisant de toute guerre contre le Turc une guerre sainte. À partir de la deuxième moitié du XIVe siècle, la diplomatie joue un rôle crucial dans la prédication de la croisade. Dans ce contexte idéologique, à l’appel du roi de Hongrie, Sigismond de Luxembourg, les puissances chrétiennes tentent de se coaliser pour arrêter l’avancée ottomane en Europe, mais elles sont défaites à Nicopolis, en 1396. Pour la chevalerie française, la campagne était une opportunité de montrer sa vaillance, mais pour elle la croisade prend une allure de chevauchée plutôt que de guerre sainte.
Keywords: Chevauchée; Croisade; Crusade; Crusading; Diplomatie; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Jerusalem; Jérusalem; Ottoman; Passagium; Preaching; Projects; Projets de croisade; Propaganda; Propagande; Prédication; Saracens; Sarrasins; Turks

Étude du « Livre Roisin » : recueil médiéval et moderne de la loi de Lille - Boisier-Michaud, Simon (Université de Montréal, 2011)
Le Livre Roisin est l'un des rares coutumiers français du XIIIe siècle. Il contient les coutumes de la ville de Lille, mises par écrit en 1267, puis recopiées et enrichies en 1297, en 1349 et enfin de façon continue jusqu'au XVIe siècle. Une dernière copie officielle fut faite en 1618-1619. L'analyse approfondie du plus ancien manuscrit du Livre Roisin qui nous soit parvenu, celui de 1349, révèle les secrets de son élaboration. Les nombreuses chartes, actes, arrêts et bans joints au coutumier à proprement parler durant plus de deux siècles donnent une vue d'ensemble des lois qui régissaient les Lillois du Moyen Âge. Au passage, les producteurs du recueil, les clercs de ville, ont laissé des traces de leur travail, de telle sorte qu'il est possible de dresser l'inventaire de leurs responsabilités et comprendre l'importance de ces officiers tant dans la perspective des institutions municipales médiévales que dans celle de l'historien, pour qui ils font partie de la chaîne de transmission des textes. De leur côté, les récepteurs, tout aussi discrets mais présents, se manifestent dans le détail de la procédure judiciaire que contient le document. L'utilisation qu'ils en ont faite, tantôt pratique, tantôt mémorielle surgit. Il en ressort que le recueil fût à la fois un aide-mémoire et un outil de défense de l'identité urbaine et même picarde. Enfin, le Livre Roisin est un outil privilégié pour l'étude de l'histoire de la ville, puisque sa rédaction et chacune de ses copies sont ancrées dans des événements politiques aux conséquences majeures pour la ville de Lille.
Keywords: Codicologie; Codicology; Coutume; Custom; France; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Lille; Livre Roisin

Le chef scout canadien-français : son idéal, sa formation et sa mission dans quatre troupes d’Outremont (1935-1965) - Boudreau, David (Université de Montréal, 2011)
The Quebec Federation of catholic scouts was founded in 1935. Its goals were demanding: it proposed to train men, Christians and citizens. Moreover, it intended to train leaders who could influence the French-Canadian society. Although headed by the Catholic Church, the Francophone Quebec scout movement was in fact dominated and directed by laymen. The Scoutmaster (SM) and the Patrol Leader (PL) were the two main lay leaders of the scout troop. They were respectively in charge of the troop (24-32 youths) and the patrol (6-8 youths). The PL was a young scout himself. The ideals and system representations conveyed to youths were transmitted through the SM and PL. They needed to be trained appropriately to respect their commitment. Beyond the regular competencies of a leader, their training proposed to transmit nothing less than an authentic dealing with the world: the ideal of Scoutmaster. Taking the scout method recommended by the Federation as a formal background, this dissertation analyses its true life actualization by Scoutmasters and Patrol Leaders of four Outremont troops. The impact of the Quiet Revolution on the traditional representation of the boyscout leader is also examined.
Keywords: Boy scouting; Catholic; Catholique; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Leadership; Outremont; Quebec; Québec; Scoutisme

Les hôpitaux militaires d'instruction et le développement de l'enseignement clinique en France au cours de l'Ancien Régime, de la Révolution et du Premier Empire - Boulanger, David (Université de Montréal, 2009)
Keywords: Clinic; Clinique; Enseignement; Hôpitaux militaires; Military hospitals; Military medicine; Médecine militaire; Teaching

L'économie et l'État-nation : les gaullistes post-de Gaulle et l'intégration européenne (1976-1988) - Blanc, Valérie (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Crise économique; Gaullisme; Gaulliste; Intégration européenne; Rassemblement pour la République (RPR); Relations internationales; Économie Ve République

Dans l'ombre du Prince : A.N. Amelot de La Houssaye, mémorialiste - Bleton, Jérôme (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Diplomatie; France; Gracian; Histoire; Machiavel; Mémoires; Opinion publique; République des Lettres; Tacitisme; Traduction; XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles; Érudition

Le Commissariat général à l'information comme agent de renforcement du moral français - Boivin, Sébastien (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Commissariat général à l'information; Deuxième guerre mondiale; Défaite française; France; Moral; Opinion publique; Presse; Propagande

La route et ses passagers dans les romans rédigés au Québec au XIXe siècle : outils de représentation de la mobilité - Bousquet, Eveline (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Histoire des représentations; Histoire et roman; Mobilité; Québec; XIXe siècle

Projets citoyens pour une paix durable, en France, en Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis (1914-1924) - Bouchard, Carl (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Ordre mondial; Pacifisme; Paix durable; Première Guerre mondiale; Relations internationales; Société des nations

Le nationalisme arabe, vu par L'Humanité et Le Populaire (1945-1962) - Boisjoli, Andréanne (Université de Montréal, 2003)
Keywords: Communisme; Décolonisation; France; Socialisme; États arabes

"Tuer le taudis qui nous tuera" : crise du logement et discours sur la famille montréalaise d'après-guerre (1945-1960) - Bourbeau, Amélie (Université de Montréal, 2002)
Keywords: Action catholique; Discours normatifs; Montréal; Politique municipale; Travail social; Vie urbaine; XXe siècle

L'émergence d'un établissement acadien à Tracadièche depuis 1755 jusqu'à 1801 - Blais, Christian (Université de Montréal, 2001)
Keywords: Histoire

La controverse entourant la "guerre révolutionnaire" pendant la guerre d'Algérie (1954-1962) - Boivin, Marc André (Université de Montréal, 2001)
Keywords: Histoire

Les pratiques curatives des Amérindiens de la Nouvelle-France vues par les jésuites de 1632 à 1656 - Boileau, Carolyne Ann (Université de Montréal, 2000)
Ce mémoire porte sur la médecine des Autochtones habitant le territoire laurentien telle que vue et perçue par les jésuites venus en Nouvelle-France entre les années 1632 et 1656. Bien qu'ils aient fréquenté de près les Amérindiens, les missionnaires ont livré peu de témoignages concernant les pratiques curatives naturelles des peuples qu'ils sont venus convertir. Et lorsqu'ils l'ont fait, la majorité de leurs descriptions sont à un tel point incomplètes que le bilan des soins donnés par les Amérindiens est fort maigre. Paradoxalement, les Relations, correspondance officielle des Pères de la Compagnie de Jésus, contiennent pourtant un nombre considérable de récits se rapportant de près et de loin à la médecine et aux guérisons. Cette contradiction trouve cependant son sens lorsque l'on tient compte du contexte de l'effort missionnaire. D'une part, la formation des jésuites ne valorisait guère l'étude de la botanique et de la médecine, ces sciences demeurant alors peu développées pour cette époque. D'autres part, les pratiques curatives des guérisseurs, rivaux des missionnaires, étaient un sujet de prédilection des auteurs des Relations. Ces connaissances leur manquant, nous aurions pu aisément en faire abstraction si la médecine avait été un facteur secondaire dans les rapports entre Amérindiens et missionnaires. Ce qui ne firt pas le cas. Dans le cadre du choc microbien devant lequel la médecine amérindienne s'avérait inefficace, les Pères ont saisi l'occasion, non pas dans un dessein malveillant mais plutôt charitable, de s'attirer des ouailles en dispensant remèdes et sacrements. Tout cela, par contre, au prix d'une querelle d'ordre médico-spirituelle avec les guérisseurs autochtones et d'un discours tout à fait péjoratif des chroniqueurs des Relations à l'égard des rites curatifs de ces mêmes gens. Nous avons esquissé, dans le deuxième chapitre, les grands traits unissant la spiritualité des Autochtones et leur art de guérir. Nous avons ensuite fait l'exercice de classer les différents types de guérisseurs. Le troisième chapitre contient l'analyse des descriptions médicales des jésuites afin de reconnaître en quoi consistait l'arsenal thérapeutique des peuples amérindiens. Parce que les missionnaires ont eu beaucoup de mal à identifier les plantes médicinales et comprendre la majorité des pratiques curatives, l'inventaire, au moyen des Relations, demeure fragmentaire. L'étude d'ouvrages écrits par des auteurs pour la plupart ultérieurs aux premiers jésuites a toutefois suppléé aux silences et à l'imprécision de ces derniers en révélant des usages médicaux des plus variés.
Keywords: Histoire

Les contrats de mariage : étude de la pratique notariale sur l'île de Montréal de 1700 à 1740 - Boily, Dominique (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: Histoire

La place des chercheurs québécois francophones dans le développement des sciences biomarines de l'estuaire et du golfe du Saint-Laurent entre 1920 et 1978 - Bourgeois, Isabelle (Université de Montréal, 1998)
Keywords: Histoire et sociopolitique des sciences

L'allégorie de la justice transitionnelle: résistance à l'oubli et construction du récit mémoriel en Uruguay post-dictatorial - Bérard, Daphné (Université de Montréal, 2021)
In the 1960s, Uruguay endured an economic crisis that quickly turned into a conflict between the National Liberation Movement-Tupamaros (MLN-T) and the state then ruled by Juan María Bordaberry of the Colorado Party. The radicalization of the MLN-T and the rise of State repression granted growing power to the Armed Forces, leading to the coup d'État of June 27, 1973 followed by the establishment of a civic-military dictatorship. The next twelve years were marked by repression, censorship, violence and numerous disappearances. Like other Latin American Cold War dictatorships, Uruguay joined Operation Condor: a South American network led by the United States with the goal of tracking down and annihilating political opponents. The 1985 elections marked the end of the dictatorship and return of democracy. However, in the aftermath of the victory of Julio María Sanguinetti of the Colorado party, a struggle erupted in the heart of society over who was to blame for the country’s fall into authoritarianism, state repression and violence. On the one hand, the Armed Forces were accused of abuse of power and crimes against humanity. On the other, some defended the military as though they had saved the country from the “subversive” threat. This study analyzes Uruguay’s transitional process which, unlike its Latin American counterparts, has not included a formal mechanism for the search for truth upon the return of democracy. Uruguay rather chose to amnesty the Tupamaros detained during the dictatorship, all the while promulgating the Law of Caducity which granted impunity to the military. By collecting different perspectives on the recent past through art and cultural productions produced by civil society after le return du democracy, this thesis studies the evolution of memorial speeches as they are expressed in public spaces. Our goal is to better understand how memorial discourses emerge in a country where democratic remedies have confirmed impunity.
Keywords: Dictatorship; Dictature; Droits de l’homme; Histoire récente; History - Latin American / Histoire - Latino-américaine (UMI : 0336); Human rights; Justice sociale; Memory; Mémoire; Post-memory; Post-mémoire; Recent history; Social justice; Uruguay

L’évolution du terme « Métis » chez le Conseil national des Autochtones du Canada et l’Alliance laurentienne des Métis et Indiens sans statut entre 1971 et 1982 - Bernard, David (Université de Montréal, 2020)
Between 1876 and 1982, Métis were excluded from federal Indian policy, as they were not recognized as indigenous owing to the discriminatory and assimilationist clauses within the Indian Act. However, numerous spaces emerged for the recognition of the indigenous nature of the rights and identities of Métis and non-status Indians (MNSI) amid the creation of the Native Council of Canada in 1971 and the repatriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982. Among these were the creation of MNSI representative organizations across the country, the funding of historical and legal research for land claims, and lastly, the recognition of Métis rights as an Aboriginal people within the constitution. Within the scope of these spaces and the pressing context of land claims and constitutional repatriation, the NCC and the Laurentian Alliance of Metis and non-status Indians (LAMNSI) highlighted different ideas and definitions on the rights and identities of MNSI people in Canada in order to be recognized by the state. For this reason, the CNAC valued an ethno-national concept of Métis that was centered around the Red River community. Consequently, LAMNSI argued that there was no such thing as a Métis Nation in Quebec or in eastern Canada. Instead, LAMNSI affirmed that its members belonged to the historical, cultural and familial realities of the First Nations.
Keywords: Alliance laurentienne des Métis et Indiens sans statut; Autochtone; Conseil national des Autochtones du Canada; Constitution; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Identity; Identité; Indiens sans statut; Indigenous; Land claims; Laurentian Alliance of Metis and non-status Indians; Métis; Native Council of Canada; Non-status Indians; Revendications territoriales

Histoire d’un système judiciaire à plusieurs vitesses : analyse intersectionnelle des procès pour meurtre dans la juridiction de Montréal entre 1700 et 1760 - Berthelet, Marie-Ève (Université de Montréal, 2020)
This thesis analyses the influence of intersectional power dynamics – inter and intra sex, ethnicity and social category, seen as articulated identity categories – within the eighteenth-century Montreal judiciary system. Murder trial archives serve as the basis for this analysis, the crime of murder in and of itself implying the exercise of total power by one person over another, by taking away his or her life. On one hand, the proposed analysis will focus on power dynamics between individuals, according a special attention to the agency of the principal actors. On the other hand, it will focus on power dynamics between the individuals and the State, in other words between subjects and their king, dispenser of justice. The crime of murder of course suggests an act of power, but also implies a disruption of social order, which justice must restore by punishing the guilty party. We then ask: do the identity categories of gender, race and social category influence the course of justice, and if so, how? Inversely, is justice applied differently according to the intersectionality of the suspect or the victim’s sex, ethnicity and social category? We will answer those questions by analyzing power dynamics in the murder trials of the jurisdiction of Montreal in the eighteenth century; first, from the angle of gender in chapter 1, from that of ethnic groups in the second chapter and finally, from that of social categories in the third chapter.
Keywords: Ancien Régime; Autochtones; Eighteenth century; Esclavage; Femmes; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Intersectionality; Intersectionnalité; Justice; Meurtre; Montréal; Murder; Natives; New France; Nouvelle-France; Pouvoir; Power; Slavery; Violence; Women; XVIIIe siècle

Entre savoir profane et Révélation : la pratique exégétique à l’université d’Oxford 1229-1267 - Bellerose-Blais, Gabriel (Université de Montréal, 2019)
Through a study of the exegetical works of various masters associated with the University of Oxford between 1229 and 1267, we attempt to describe a freer environment than the one provided by the Université de Paris, which had prohibited the teaching of Aristotle’s libri naturales in 1210 and 1215. Robert Grosseteste, Richard Fishacre, Simon of Hinton and Roger Bacon articulate a conception of knowledge and the value of philosophical activity that seems to favour a more peaceful reception of the Greek philosopher, since the practice of literal exegesis legitimizes the speculations about nature to which this activity gives rise. This thesis attempts to understand the connections made by thinkers of the young University of Oxford, through their practice of exegesis, between Revelation and profane knowledge, and to see how their idea of theological inquiry evolved in the 13th century. We show that for the Oxford masters, answers to questions about Scripture are provided by natural philosophy and that all forms of profane knowledge, therefore, are seen as necessary, while always in the service of faith.
Keywords: Bacon; Fishacre; Grosseteste; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Middle Ages; Moyen Âge; Oxford; Simon Hinton; exegesis; exégèse; natural philosophy; philosophie naturelle

Les enjeux normatifs de la reconnaissance publique dans la France des Lumières : gloire, célébrité, mérite - Beausoleil, Marie-Ève (Université de Montréal, 2018)
This dissertation examines how and why normative issues about public recognition developed in Enlightenment France. It shows that this question gained significance during the transitional period towards modernity as two important phenomena intersected. On the one hand, Enlightenment thinkers – who questioned the arbitrary foundations of authority – made glory into a process of recognition based on merit, which, in turn, could engender a harmonious and just society. On the other hand, the century saw the advent of a celebrity culture, which enabled the multiplication of famed individuals, especially emanating from the capital’s arts and literary circles. Instead of distinguishing individuals whose merit and useful accomplishments gave rise to unanimous admiration, as the economy of glory would demand, celebrity built upon things such as controversies, revelations about private lives, and the consumption of entertainment. From its inception, celebrity was perceived as a contributing factor to moral degeneracy and as a sign of cultural decay. This dissertation examines moral, aesthetic, and biographical texts that contributed to the creation, promotion, and critique of the economies of public recognition. An analysis of these texts published over a 150-year period – from the Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes to the first third of the nineteenth century – sheds light on their arguments with regards to the type of order (literary, social, or political) that they hoped to consolidate or engender. These texts offer a unique view into the particularities of this defining moment shaped by the elimination of traditional hierarchies and the advent of individuals as autonomous moral subjects. This dissertation historicises modern celebrity culture through an examination of its representations and of the conflicts it generated. Although celebrity has been theorized as a media phenomenon that creates a relationship of intimacy between famed individuals and the public, this study shows that, during the period in question, it was largely conceived as a deregulation of glory’s economy of feelings. This economy was based on a theory of moral sentiments that enabled the natural recognition of true merit, and that would, in due course, solve the tension between the subjectivity of opinions and the objectivity of values. To the contrary, celebrity fuelled passions – such as envy, ambition, and greed – which prompted the creation of immediate and undeserved renown. Celebrity was inscribed in a coherent set of aesthetic and sociocultural manifestations – including, fashion, rococo, bel esprit, satire, persiflage, light reading, cabals, and spectacles – while its systematic definition took shape through a critique of elite mores.
Keywords: 18th century; Celebrity; Critique littéraire; Célébrité; Decline; Décadence; France; Gloire; Glory; History - Modern / Histoire - Moderne (UMI : 0582); Literary criticism; Merit; Moeurs; Mores; Mérite; Public recognition; Reconnaissance publique; XVIIIe siècle; Émotions

La Babylone des marins : Marins hauturiers à Montréal 1851-1896 - Bélisle-Desmeules, David (Université de Montréal, 2018)
Thanks to state-sponsored dredging operations, Montreal had become a true seaport by the second half of the 19e century. Transatlantic ships regularly visited the harbour during the seven-month shipping season. Hence, from May to November, a large number of seamen set foot in the city. The purpose of this paper will be to study these merchant seamen ashore. The sailors, forming a group distinct from the colonial population, though physically close to the heart of the old city, were marginalised, drawing attention to themselves mostly when they transgressed some social norm. Their doings on land will be described using mainly three different spaces belonging to the harbour front as starting points for our investigation. We will look at the harbour basins, witness to both drownings and salvage operations; the docks, where the stealing of cargo was more or less standard fare; and the nearby watering hole, where sailors quenched their thirst and looked for companionship. Their inclination to fight and to drink significant quantities of alcohol, their proximity to the indigenous laboring poor marked them as suspect. To keep an eye on them and impose order on the docks, a special force, The Montreal Water Police, was set up during the boating season. Sailors were considered potential treats to maritime trade, since conflicts between the lower and upper-decks sometimes ended in desertion, thus disrupting the flow of commerce. For much of the period, the federal authorities tried to repress crimping, since crimps, acting as illegal recruiters basically controlled the sailor’s labour market. Amidst the violence and instability which characterised the labour market, sailors were both victims and benefactors of the standoff between crimps and government officials. To conclude, we will argue the presence of sailors in the second half of the 19th century had an influence on the development of the Montreal harbour front; making this neighbourhood something akin to a “sailortown”, a place both physical and spiritual where the maritime culture found its expression ashore.
Keywords: 19e siècle; Canada; Crimping; Harbour; Histoire Maritime; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Marin; Maritime History; Matelot; Montréal; Port; Sailor; Sailortown; Seaman

«Imagine, c’est le socialisme et personne ne s’en va» : l’intelligentsia littéraire est-allemande et la chute du mur de Berlin - Bellefeuille, Carol-Ann (Université de Montréal, 2016)
En 1989, la Pologne, la Hongrie, la Tchécoslovaquie et la République démocratique allemande (RDA) furent secouées par des mouvements de protestations qui précipitèrent la dissolution de leur régime communiste. Il est souvent admis, dans l’historiographie comme dans la mémoire populaire, que les intellectuels, dont plusieurs écrivains, ont joué un rôle déterminant lors de ces bouleversements. Or, l’analyse de la révolution en Allemagne de l’Est et des prises de position de son intelligentsia littéraire démontre qu’une telle conclusion s’applique mal à cet État : les auteurs phares de la RDA, qui se sont pourtant présentés pendant et après la révolution comme des victimes et des opposants au régime, n’ont jamais partagé les revendications anticommunistes de leurs concitoyens et ont conservé un discours socialiste. Ce mémoire entend expliquer cette réaction particulière des écrivains les mieux établis de l’Allemagne de l’Est – soit Christa Wolf, Heiner Müller, Stefan Heym, Volker Braun et Christoph Hein. En étudiant leurs textes non fictifs et en analysant la relation qu’ils entretenaient avec le régime, la population et l’idéologie promue en RDA, nous démontrerons que ces auteurs avaient développé, avant l’ouverture du mur de Berlin, une stratégie d’action alliant loyauté socialiste et critique de l’autoritarisme, ce qui leur avait permis de cumuler un important capital social et culturel. À l’automne 1989 et lors du processus de réunification allemande, l’intelligentsia littéraire a en fait agi en fonction de cette même stratégie ; celle-ci, toutefois, n’était pas adaptée aux nouvelles conditions sociales.
Keywords: East German revolution; German Democratic Republic (GDR); German reunification; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); République démocratique allemande (RDA); analyse du discours; capital symbolique; discourse analysis; end of European communist regimes; fin des régimes communistes européens; intelligentsia; réunification allemande; révolution est-allemande; socialism; socialisme; symbolic capital; writers; écrivains

Between pragmatism and the defence of a “Sister State” : the national association for the advancement of colored people and the U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915-1922 - Belony, Lyns-Virginie (Université de Montréal, 2016)
Initially, the news of the U.S. occupation of Haiti in 1915 generated little concern in the United States. Indeed, Haiti’s political instability made it such that a U.S. intervention seemed unavoidable. As of 1915 and especially 1920, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded in 1909, denounced the U.S. interference in the Caribbean island. W.E.B. Du Bois and James Weldon Johnson, two of the association’s most influential black members, were deeply invested in condemning the U.S. occupation of Haiti. Historiographical tendencies have long located the NAACP’s engagement with Haiti in a conversation about black solidarity, but have failed to adequately consider the local politics that may have inspired the NAACP’s work. While this thesis does not refute the importance of black solidarity, it does recognise the limits of this conceptual approach in trying to explain the complexity of the NAACP’s work on the behalf of Haiti’s sovereignty. Placing more attention on the social and political context in the United States between 1915 and 1922 reveals that the NAACP utilised the occupation of Haiti as a means of attracting broader attention to domestic issues affecting black Americans, but also as a means of reinforcing the organisation’s own profile in the United States.
Keywords: 1915; =CL; Black internationalism; Black solidarity; Haïti; History - Black / Histoire des Noirs (UMI : 0328); Internationalisme noire; NAACP; Occupation Américaine d'Haïti; Solidarité noire; US Occupation of Haiti

La confrérie des Dames de la Sainte-Famille de la paroisse Notre-Dame de Montréal (1724-1760) : un lieu élitaire au féminin ? - Bergeron, Evelyne (Université de Montréal, 2016)
Les historiens ont eu tendance à effacer les femmes de leurs écrits lorsqu’il était question des élites de la Nouvelle-France ; ce concept a longtemps été associé au monde masculin. Le choix d’exclure la gent féminine n’est pas surprenant lorsque l’on sait que les définitions rattachées à l’élite proviennent principalement de la profession, ainsi que de la place occupée par les gens dans les institutions ou dans les structures de pouvoir. À cette époque, la majorité des femmes n’occupaient aucune fonction décisionnelle ; elles étaient maintenues, ‘’grâce’’ au patriarcat, dans la sphère domestique. Malgré ces constats, ce mémoire s’intéresse tout de même à la pertinence d’une définition de l’élite au féminin. Nous essayons donc de démontrer que les femmes en Nouvelle-France avaient aussi des lieux de rassemblement élitaire. Pour y parvenir, nous étudions le parcours des principales officières de la confrérie des Dames de la Sainte-Famille (Montréal) entre 1724 et 1760. Afin de connaître leur statut socio-économique, ce mémoire s’emploie à relever divers éléments caractéristiques : statut socio-professionnel de leur père et de leurs maris, les montants des douaires et des préciputs dans leurs contrats de mariage, l’âge au premier mariage, le nombre de naissances ainsi que la mortalité infantile. Ces divers indicateurs révèlent que la majorité de ces dames provenaient effectivement d’un milieu élitaire. Pour consolider cette conclusion, ce mémoire analyse ensuite le comportement de ces femmes en lien avec une des caractéristiques propres aux élites soit le réseautage. Il s’intéresse particulièrement à la pratique du marrainage ; qui sont les parrains et marraines des officières, qui sont les marraines de leurs enfants et de qui elles sont les marraines. Cette dernière partie du mémoire vient à son tour confirmer la dimension élitaire des officières de la Sainte-Famille.
Keywords: Brotherhood; Confrérie; Elite; Femmes; Godmothering; Histoire; History; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Marrainage; Montreal; Montréal; Networking; New France; Nobility; Noblesse; Nouvelle-France; Religion; Réseautage; Women; Élite

Étude comparative de la pensée économique canadienne-française et canadienne-anglaise durant l'entre-deux-guerres - Belhumeur-Gross, Christian (Université de Montréal, 2015)
L’entre-deux-guerres représente une période charnière dans l’évolution de la pensée économique au Canada. Le contexte économique et social des années 1920-1940 est des plus favorables au foisonnement de nouvelles idées et de nouvelles approches. Face à la crise et à l’urgence d’en sortir, les économistes, les intellectuels et les milieux politiques commencent à se questionner sérieusement sur les dysfonctions du capitalisme et de l’économie de marché. Pénétrée par des courants émergents, dont le keynésianisme et le corporatisme, et en parallèle avec une discipline économique en pleine formation, la pensée économique évolue considérablement durant ces années alors que les économistes s’interrogent sur les orientations des politiques gouvernementales. L’étude des deux grandes revues d’économie-politique, L’Actualité économique et le Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Sciences, ainsi que l’analyse des travaux des principaux économistes de l’époque, incarnés par Harold A. Innis, W. A. Mackintosh, Esdras Minville et Édouard Montpetit, révèlent les nouvelles orientations face aux problèmes qui confronte le Canada.
Keywords: Canada; Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science; Corporatism; Corporatisme; Economic History; Economic Thought; Esdras Minville; Harold A. Innis; Histoire économique; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Keynesianism; Keynésianisme; L'Actualité économique; Pensée économique; W. A. Mackintosh; Édouard Montpetit

« En vacances...en voiture...en Pontiac!» : les représentations de genre à travers les loisirs dans la Revue moderne et Châtelaine, 1945-1969 - Bergeron, Caroline (Université de Montréal, 2015)
Ce mémoire analyse les articles et les publicités représentant les loisirs diffusés dans la Revue moderne et Châtelaine après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Phénomène grandissant à l’ère de la consommation de masse, les loisirs sont de plus en plus populaires et l’abondance de leurs représentations illustre leur importance, notamment auprès des familles de la classe moyenne qui bénéficient de plus en plus de ressources pour en profiter. Ces représentations, utilisées pour faire la promotion de produits à usage quotidien, de produits du tourisme ou de conseils pour les vacances, semblent à première vue illustrer certains aspects de la vie quotidienne des Québécois, mais diffusent principalement certaines valeurs encouragées par la société d’après-guerre. En effet, plusieurs stéréotypes de genre peuvent être observés, dont celui de la mère ménagère et celui du père pourvoyeur. En plus d’être véhiculées dans les médias et par l’ensemble des acteurs sociaux de l’époque, les valeurs associées à la domesticité, la féminité, la masculinité et à la famille nucléaire se retrouvent jusque dans les loisirs, accessibles à de plus en plus de familles.
Keywords: Après-guerre; Châtelaine; Famille; Feminity; Féminité; Gender; Genre; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Leisure; Loisirs; Masculinity; Masculinité; Postwar; Publicity; Publicité

Warren, Rhode Island : l'évolution d'une petite communauté canadienne-française établie en Nouvelle-Angleterre, 1895-1910 - Bélisle, Marie (Université de Montréal, 2012)
Aux lendemains de la Guerre de Sécession, le petit centre manufacturier de Warren, dans l’État du Rhode Island, attira plusieurs immigrants canadiens-français en quête de travail. Ces derniers s’organiseront rapidement en établissant un réseau paroissial, en fondant plusieurs sociétés mutuelles et en multipliant les commerces prêts à desservir une clientèle francophone de plus en plus nombreuse. Les premiers stades de développement de la communauté (1888-1895) avaient déjà été observés par Jean Lamarre dans le cadre de son mémoire de maîtrise (1985). D’une part, le chercheur avait remarqué un phénomène graduel d’enracinement des paroissiens et, d’autre part, l’analyse de leur profil socio-économique indiquait qu’ils travaillaient majoritairement à la filature. Par cette étude, nous avons voulu revisiter cette communauté au moment où sa présence dans le paysage industriel et urbain de Warren apparaît consolidée. Grâce aux listes nominatives du recensement fédéral de 1910 et aux publications gouvernementales parues à la même époque, nous évaluons l’ampleur des changements socio-économiques transformant la communauté en l’espace d’une quinzaine d’années. L’observation du processus d’intégration des Canadiens français à l’environnement industriel est complétée par une analyse de l’apport des femmes et des enfants au ménage ouvrier. Les conclusions principales de cette étude démontrent que malgré l’attrait indéniable que représente encore et toujours le secteur manufacturier auprès de nombreux travailleurs, les Canadiens français jouissent en 1910 d’une qualité de vie généralement supérieure à celle qui caractérisait leurs débuts au sein de la localité. Leur situation socio-économique s’apparentera d’ailleurs davantage à celle des anglophones de Warren, Yankees et Irlandais, que de celle des représentants de la « nouvelle vague d’immigration » (Polonais, Italiens et Portugais).
Keywords: Canadiens français; Cotton mills; Dynamiques familiales; Families; Filatures; Franco-Américains; French Canadians; History - United States / Histoire - États-Unis (UMI : 0337); Household economy; Immigration en Nouvelle-Angleterre; Immigration to New England; Local economy; Manufacturing sector; Ouvriers; Rhode Island; Secteur manufacturier; Travail salarié; Wage labour; Workers; Économie locale

Le regard de l'allié britannique sur la France et son armée durant la guerre de Crimée - Bérubé, Simon (Université de Montréal, 2012)
In the Crimean war, Great-Britain made an alliance with the Second French Empire, the traditional enemy, still considered as a threat; this cooperation, forced by circumstances, forms the basis of this research. Thousands of soldiers and civilians from both countries worked together for two years. The British personal letters reveal a fraternization between both cultures that is more important than the one mentioned in the historiography. According to Gordon Allport’s theories on the diminution of prejudices, all the necessary conditions for reconciliation could be found in Crimea. The steps leading to the fraternization, defined by Allport, are also perceptible in the personal letters. This reconciliation had under-estimated consequences: British soldiers and civilians started comparing themselves with the French and their pride gave place to an important self-criticism. This led to scandals in the army and the newspapers from the very beginning of the war, long before the scandals of the winter 1854-1855.
Keywords: Army; Armée; Cooperation; Coopération; Correspondance; Correspondence; Enemies; Ennemis; Francophile; Francophilie; Francophobia; Francophobie; Grande-Bretagne; Great-Britain; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Prejudice; Préjugés; Reconciliation; Réconciliation; Second Empire; Second French Empire

Espaces et pratiques de l'activisme politique de Germaine de Staël lors de la Révolution française (1789-1799) - Beausoleil, Marie-Ève (Université de Montréal, 2010)
Ce mémoire explore les modalités culturelles de la participation politique de la salonnière parisienne et célèbre écrivaine Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, baronne de Staël-Holstein (1766-1817), au cours de la Révolution française (1789-1799). Sur le plan des représentations, il souligne chez Germaine de Staël l’appropriation et la reformulation des normes de genre pour élaborer un rôle politique convenable à une femme d’esprit dans le contexte révolutionnaire. Ce rôle se fondait notamment sur une éthique de l’amitié et un idéal de vertu acquise par la sensibilité et la raison. Son projet constitutionnel, à la fois libéral et élitiste, cherchait à intégrer la contribution des femmes au processus politique à travers la sociabilité polie et la production littéraire. Sur le plan des pratiques, ce mémoire montre comment les outils de réseautage et de communication qu’étaient le salon, la correspondance et la publication fonctionnaient ensemble pour permettre à Staël de se positionner dans un espace sociopolitique et d’y déployer une action. Il considère ces forums comme des éléments constitutifs d’une culture politique révolutionnaire dont Staël sut faire un usage créatif et constructif pour promouvoir ses idées et son parti.
Keywords: Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker de Staël-Holstein (1766-1817); Correspondance; Correspondence; Culture politique; French Revolution (1789-1799); Gender norms; Genre; Histoire; History; History - Modern / Histoire - Moderne (UMI : 0582); Imprimé; Literature; Littérature; Political Culture; Print culture; Révolution française (1789-1799); Sensibility; Sensibilité; Sociability; Sociabilité

Tradition, libéralisme et communautarisme durant les "Trente glorieuses" : les étudiants de Moncton et l'entrée dans la modernité avancée des francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick, 1957-1969 - Belliveau, Joel (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: 1968; Acadiens; Années 1960; Dualité culturelle; Minorités linguistiques; Mouvements sociaux; Mouvements étudiants; Nationalisme; Révolution tranquille; Université

Richard Hofstadter et la culture politique : une étude historiographique - Bergeron, Jean-Étienne (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Culture politique; Histoire; Historiographie; Richard Hofstadter; États-Unis

Le Clausewitz de Raymond Aron : interprétation et analyse aronienne portant sur l'oeuvre de Carl von Clausewitz - Bizier, Joël (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Définition trinitaire de la guerre; Guerre absolue; Politique d'état; Équilibre européen

La politique européenne du président de Gaulle dans la première moitié de sa présidence : perception de trois journaux français 1958-1964 - Bianki, Patrick (Université de Montréal, 2006)
Keywords: Charles de Gaulle; Communauté économique européenne (CEE); France; Journaux

La réforme forestière sous le règne de Philippe VI de Valois - Bernier, Charles (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Administration; Chancellerie; Moyen âge; Réforme

Commémorer la ville, une analyse comparative des célébrations du centenaire de Toronto en 1934 et du tricentenaire de Montréal en 1942 - Bérubé, Harold (Université de Montréal, 2002)
Keywords: Commémoration; Culture; Identité; Mémoire; Urbain

Raison et sentiment : nationalisme et antinationalisme dans le Québec des années 1935-1939 - Bégin, Yves (Université de Montréal, 2001)
Keywords: =CL; Groulx; Lionel; 1878-1967; Harvey; Jean-Charles; 1891-1967; Lachance; Louis; o.p.; 1899-

Lionel Groulx et la Franco-Américanie - Bélanger, Damien-Claude (Université de Montréal, 2000)
Keywords: 1878-1967; Groulx; Lionel

De la solitude à la multitude : les maisons de retraites spirituelles bretonnes au XVIIe siècle - Bibeau, Véronique (Université de Montréal, 2000)
Keywords: =CL; Histoire

United States Cultural Policy in France 1945 to 1958 - Bernstein, Martha E. (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: Histoire

Les transformations du culte impérial romain au IVe siècle : entre continuité et adaptation - Beauchemin-Brisson, Étienne (Université de Montréal, 2022)
The study of the Roman imperial cult in the 4th century has often been relegated to the background in research relating to this subject. The imperial cult has even often been relegated to the same fate than the rest of the Roman traditional cults. However, in the light of period sources and the work of certain historians, such as Louis Bréhier, the imperial cult seems to have survived this prognosis of disappearance. More interesting still, the imperial cult appears to have transformed and adapted to the new reality offered by a Christianizing Roman Empire while the power of the emperor was becoming more sacred. The work presented in this thesis parallels the metamorphosis experienced by the imperial cult with the strengthening of imperial power during the fourth century, while comparing the evolution of the perception that Christians had of this fundamentally traditional institution. As mentioned above, the study is based on a body of contemporary sources, ranging from Christian homilies to epigraphic sources which will corroborate the information found in the work of several historians who have studied the topic. Overall, this research demonstrates that the imperial cult succeeded in shedding religious connotations that Christians considered problematic while continuing to function and occupy a central place in the life of the Romans. This, together with an imperial power expressed in absolute terms, initiated the metamorphosis of the imperial cult into a "monarchical cult", exalting even more the emperor's power for centuries to come.
Keywords: 4th century; Ancient history / Histoire de l’Antiquité (UMI : 0579); Ancient religion; Antiquité tardive; Christianisme antique; Culte impérial; Early Christianity; Empire romain; IVe siècle; Imperial cult; Imperial power; Late antiquity; Pouvoir impérial; Religion antique; Roman Empire

Une fenêtre ouverte sur l’URSS : le Spoutnik Digest durant la Guerre froide (1968-1988) - Beauchamp, David (Université de Montréal, 2021)
The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 allowed the Cold War historiography to renew itself: social and cultural dimensions are acknowledged and the outlook on the cultural material emanating from USSR can be analyzed with more scientific objectivity and an appeased perspective. In 1967, a new magazine appeared in many Western cities: the Sputnik Digest. Its name referred both to the Soviet satellite that fascinated the world ten years earlier and the Reader’s Digest, the famous American magazine specialized in content aggregating, the most read and sold internationally at the time. The Sputnik Digest, published on a monthly basis, even though looking similar to its American counterpart at first sight, contained texts directly extracted from official Soviet newspapers in USSR. Without doubt a propaganda tool, like its American counterpart, the magazine however offered a fresh insight of the USSR during the Cold War: from the Sputnik Digest point of view, the Soviet Union was a peaceful country, culturally rich and a great place to live in. The magazine prioritized the valorisation of the USSR as opposed to criticizing the capitalist Western powers and the United States. From that standpoint it radically diverged from the aggressive ideological tone of the Reader’s Digest. This master’s thesis, through this new perspective, will study the Sputnik Digest as a historical and cultural object between the years 1968 and 1988. By looking both at its format and content, it will examine the origins of this monthly journal, its targeted readership and the most covered themes, revealing the message of Soviet peace and goodwill that the magazine tried to spread worldwide during the Cold War.
Keywords: Cold War; Communism; Communisme; Cultural history; Culture; Guerre froide; Histoire culturelle; History - Russian and Soviet / Histoire de la Russie - histoire soviétique (UMI : 0724); Magazine; Propaganda; Propagande; Reader's Digest (RD); Spoutnik Digest (SD); URSS; Union soviétique; United States; États-Unis

Jean Stanislas Mittié et la syphilis - Beaulieu, Léonie (Université de Montréal, 2021)
Jean-Stanislas Mittié, a medical doctor from the Paris region, develops and attempts to gain approval for a vegetal cure to syphilis between 1777 and 1795. The present memoir proposes an analysis of the various textual documents surrounding his endeavours in order to assess the impact of the end of the Ancien Régime and the French Revolution on his medical practice. His individual story reveals the important transformations of institutional, political and cultural power structures regulating medicine at the end of the 18th century.
Keywords: French revolution; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Jean-Stanislas Mittié; Medicine; Révolution française; médecine; syphilis

«Avec salutations socialistes» : lettres de plaintes et relations socio-étatiques en République démocratique allemande, 1953-1967 - Auclair, Nadine (Université de Montréal, 2021)
This master’s thesis analyzes the dynamics between the German Democratic Republic and its citizens through complaint letters that East Germans sent to the State between 1953 and 1967 regarding housing problems. It argues that the complainants adopted “socialist values” throughout their discourses as a way of justifying the legitimacy of their complaints. In other words, they used the discourse and principles of the state against it in order to demand action and a resolution to their problems or concerns. This thesis not only highlight these various strategies, utilizing a “history from below” approach, but it also investigates the state’s reaction to the complaints of its citizens. It argues that the state responded overall better in the 1960s as it did in the 1950s, showing evolution in the relationship between state and society as well as a shift in the state’s way to understand socialism. By the 1960s the East German government had had time to slowly adapt its domestic politics towards the population’s needs. The analysis of these letters is at the crossroads of two methods: First I employ a discursive analysis that allows me to identify the recurring strategies by which the state and its citizens sought to influence each other. Second, I use a statistical analysis of the State’s responses coupled with an examination of domestic politics that allows me to capture the changing attitude of the government towards its population.
Keywords: Allemagne de l'Est; Allemands de l'Est; Aufbau; Berlin Wall; East Germany; East-Germans; Eingaben; GDR; German Democratic Republic; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Mur de Berlin; NÖS; RDA; République démocratique allemande; Walter Ulbricht; Wilhelm Pieck; analyse du discours; complaint; discourse analysis; discursive identity; housing; identité discursive; letter writing; logement; new economic policy; nouvelle politique économique; plaintes; protest; protestation; reconstruction; socialism; socialisme; society; société; state; strategic writing; État; écriture stratégique; épistolaire

L'attitude du Front populaire français face à la collaboration avec l'Union soviétique, 1936-1937 - Allard, Samuel (Université de Montréal, 2020)
The objective of this research is to measure the impact of the Spanish Civil War on the attitude of the French Popular Front about the collaboration with Soviet Union from 1936 to 1937. It takes shape in a political and journalistic opinion study based on a survey of three French daily newspapers attached to the Popular Front during the 1930s, namely L’Humanité, Le Populaire and L’Œuvre. The analysis is articulated through the events of 1936 to 1937 such as the ratification of the Franco-Soviet mutual assistance pact, the election of the Popular Front and the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. The impact of the conflict in Spain is in fact measured in the intensification of the political polarization in France which influence the attitude of de Popular Front about the collaboration with Soviet Union. Despite the advent of a new Popular Front government, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War elevated the political polarization between the left and the right in France, which started in 1934, at its peak. Without a strong coalition between the left and the center right, collective security led by the USSR could not succeed. While some journalists are tempted by the appeasement policy, others develop a more clear-sighted and realistic vision of the threat posed by Nazi Germany and the importance of a close Franco-Soviet relationship.
Keywords: France; Front populaire; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Popular Front; Spanish Civil War; URSS; USSR; guerre civile espagnole; journaux; newspaper; opinion publique; public opinion

Entre la théorie ecclésiastique et la pratique laïque : le mariage chez les fidèles au XVe siècle - Ballard, Alexia (Université de Montréal, 2019)
In the fifteenth century, a valid and legitimate marriage, according to the Church, was monogamous, consensual, exogamous and indissoluble. If it is possible to describe rightly the theory, can we do the same about domestic reality and perception of marriage by the laity? It is to this double question that this master’s thesis seeks to answer. From late antiquity to the late middle Ages, the marriage’s doctrine changed, was refined and finally, fixed. Accordingly, the unions that do not meet these criteria weren’t perceived as legitimate by the ecclesiastical authorities. A non-marital relationship leads to noxious consequences for the couple’s offspring, whose illegitimacy. It’s why the Apostolic Penitentiary graciously intervened by exempting, by absolving and by "leveling" the canon law’s requirements. This office has softened the legislation’s implementation and allowed couples whose marriages were theoretically invalid, to remain married and legitimize their children.
Keywords: Canon Law; Dispensations; Dispenses; Droit canon; History - Medieval / Histoire - Médiévale (UMI : 0581); Holy Roman Empire; Mariage; Marriage; Officiality; Officialités; Penitentiary; Pénitencerie; Saint-Empire romain germanique; The fifteenth century; XVe siècle

Aux frontières du mercenariat : éléments de contexte et trajectoires de trois «affreux» français de la sécession katangaise (1960-1963) - Barnay, Martin (Université de Montréal, 2015)
Ce mémoire étudie les origines de l’engagement des combattants de nationalité française en faveur de la sécession du Katanga (1960-63), au moment de l’indépendance du Congo belge. Recrutés pour s’opposer à l’Armée nationale congolaise et aux Casques bleus de l’ONU qui cherchent à faire réintégrer la province par la force, ces hommes aguerris par quinze années de guerre contre-insurrectionnelle vont s’avérer être les éléments clefs du dispositif militaire katangais. Centrée sur les « conditions objectives » de l’action plutôt que sur ses « fondements psychologiques », notre étude vise à mettre en lumière les « forces profondes » au gré desquelles l’intervention des « affreux » a pris forme. Elle s’intéresse en particulier à la trajectoire de trois figures remarquables du point de vue de l'historiographie de l'engagement armé international : Roger Trinquier, Roger Faulques et Bob Denard. Inspirée de la sociologie du champ intellectuel et militant dont elle contribue à montrer la pertinence pour l’étude du fait militaire transnational, notre recherche soutient que le sens de l'engagement ne peut être saisi qu'en replaçant la trajectoire de ces hommes au sein des différents niveaux de contexte dans lesquels elle s’est réalisée. Notre mémoire montre que le recours aux « affreux » coïncide avec le recul des vieilles puissances coloniales sur la scène internationale et avec l'affirmation des nouveaux acteurs que sont les États-Unis, l'URSS et l'ONU. L'engagement de ces hommes, dépourvus de statut officiel, apparaît pour la France comme un moyen détourné de maintenir en Afrique des intérêts et une influence contraire à la dynamique des indépendances.
Keywords: Africa; Afrique; Decolonization; Diplomatic History; Décolonisation; France; Histoire diplomatique; History - General / Histoire générale (UMI : 0578); Mercenaires; Mercenarism

Le règne de la scientificité : histoire de l'étiologie des maladies infectieuses dans la presse médicale du Québec, 1840-1880 - Beaudry, Louka (Université de Montréal, 2013)
The rise of bacteriology is one of the most celebrated phenomenon in medical historiography. Historian’s approaches taken to address the issue since the turn of the twentieth century were gradually modified to pass, most often, from an endogenous interpretation of scientific development, where medical concepts, theories, and methods are seen as developing in isolation from the social context in which they occur, to the opposite, sociological approach, where every element of the medical-scientific enterprise is rather seen as being influenced by its context in an interaction by which the public, governmental and professional instances involved in medicalization, forming an impassive dynamic, change the course of every aspect of medical history. But beyond the professional elements, is the development of medical and scientific thought invariably subjugated to this social dynamic? Could not the ideal of scientificity advocated by doctors, forging an archetype in which professional rigor is meant to be isolated from these extrinsic factors, confer to the medical and scientific endeavor a genuine stability towards fluctuations in the socio-political and professional environment in which they evolve? Our study addresses these questions by the exhaustive analysis of the discourse defined by the Quebec medical journals between 1840 and 1880. It is based on two new developments, one that presents the methodological foundations of the audit - that is to say, the definition of the medical archetype, its role in professional recognition, the scientific criteria that it determines, and a typology of discourse that can be inferred from it - and the other, the results. The study shows that the archetype described by the Quebec medical profession, far from being solely a discursive tool by which the profession has been socially recognized in the nineteenth century, exerted a decisive influence on the formation of the professional attitude towards etiological novelties presented by the pioneers of bacteriology. Thus, in addition to revealing the exact framework of the development of causal thinking in Quebec, the thesis shows the complementarity of internal and external approaches to medical historiography. It contributes to a fairer representation of the processes at work in scientific development.
Keywords: Bacteriological Revolution; Histoire; History; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Medicine; Médecine; Professionalization; Professionnalisation; Révolution bactériologique; Scientificity; Scientificité; Typologie du discours médical; Typology of Medical Discourse

La politique des nationalités : vecteur d’expansion internationale du Second Empire français (1859-1868) - Abud, Francis (Université de Montréal, 2012)
The Second French Empire was a period of great change on the international scene in Europe and America. Using the diverse national crises that were shaking the European and American balance of power, Napoleon III intended to use these crises in order to favour French influence in regions where her interests were starting to become vital for worldwide supremacy. Put forward as a means of power, the policy of nationalities is an abstract political idea that creates a political discourse which favors imperial projects around the world. The objective of the policy of nationalities aims at the installation of monarchies allied to France which can be installed in various ways, through war, territorial exchanges or by a new method, popular referenda. However, all of these regimes were installed in the name of nationality. Yet what is innovative in the policy of nationalities, is the systematic recourse to the will of the people as a means to legitimize France’s territorial expansion. This manifested itself in a controlled election or by an assembly of well chosen notables. There was always a need to appear lawful in the eyes of the foreign populations. Using primary sources and a variety of historical studies, this research’s aim is to analyze the methods used by Napoleon III to promote France’s policy of nationalities. We will study the dynamic of this policy and the way the national argument was used during political crises in Italy, Germany, Mexico and the ottoman province of Syria.
Keywords: History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Napoleon III; Napoléon III; Second Empire français; Second French Empire; international relations (1851-1870); policy of nationalities; politique des nationalités; relations internationales (1851-1870)

Le Canada et la politique étrangère de la France, 1945-1962 : stratégies d'une puissance moyenne - Beauregard, Daniel (Université de Montréal, 2012)
This study questions Canadian international influence during the "Golden Age" by providing a case study of Canada's foreign policy in its relations with France. Multilateral institutions were the cornerstone of Canadian foreign policy; they were providing the politico-economic counterweights allowing Canadians to distance themselves from the United States. These institutions were often perceived as a constraint by the French, who consequently tried to weaken or reform them. Meanwhile, they were trying to preserve their colonial empire and were demanding unanimous occidental support. France became the most disturbing of Canada's allies, almost systematically attacking its foreign policy project, which consisted in trying to balance a firm commitment to NATO and an overtly anti-imperialist policy designed to seduce non aligned countries of the Commonwealth. This dissertation studies the strategies of a "middle power" trying to defuse the crisis between its allies and to reconcile the contradictory dimensions of its own external policy.
Keywords: Atlanticism; Atlantisme; Canada; Commonwealth; Decolonization; Décolonisation; France; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Middle power; Multilateralism; Multilatéralisme; NATO; OECE; OEEC; ONU; OTAN; Puissance moyenne; UN

"Faites un roi, sinon faites la guerre" : l’Action française durant la Grande Guerre (1914-1918) - Audet-Vallée, Kevin (Université de Montréal, 2012)
L’Action française was a significant ideological and intellectual movement in the French Third Republic’s political and cultural history. With its nationalist and antirepublican rhetoric, its flashy political activism and its daily newspaper, it advocated the idea of the restoration of the French monarchy to replace the democratic government, which it considered deleterious. However, it put its royalist agenda on hold during the Great War and refocused on its patriotism. L’Action française backed the governments of the firmly republican Union Sacrée throughout the war and became one of the staunchest allies against the threats to the nation, whether internal or external. At the end of the war, L’Action française had become an acknowledged political actor and had acquired intellectual notoriety. Though significant, this turnaround has nonetheless received little attention in the movement’s historiography. This thesis aims to examine L’Action française’s political journey and ideological evolution based on an analysis of politically-flavored columns published in its daily newspaper between 1914 and 1918 and reports of investigations by the French Department of the Interior (Sûreté générale). This study depicts a rather colorful portrait of the movement’s path and evolution. While L’Action française’s theoreticians and newspaper acquired a great fame thanks to their views and efforts moved by national interest, its political activism was practically destroyed by the military mobilization. Moreover, despite adhering in principle to the political truce brought by the Union Sacrée, it never gave up on its ideological criticism of the republican regime and the promotion of its royalist agenda. Studying the French political scene during the Great War and the role L’Action française reveals this ambiguity while illustrating the singularity of the period’s major debates.
Keywords: Action française; Antiparlementarisme; Charles Maurras; First World War; France; Grande Guerre; Great War; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Léon Daudet; Nationalism; Nationalisme; Première Guerre mondiale; Royalism; Royalisme; Third Republic; Troisième république; Union sacrée

Les relations internationales soviétiques à l’ère de la sécurité collective : étude comparée de l’historiographie et de manuels de Cégep - Beauchamp-Léveillé, Simon (Université de Montréal, 2012)
Ce mémoire se veut être un alliage de connaissances historiques théoriques et de leur mise en application dans un contexte académique de niveau collégial. L’objet principal est de comparer l’historiographie savante, écrite par des historiens chercheurs, au contenu de quatre manuels de Cégep, rédigés par des pédagogues de formation historienne, à propos des relations internationales soviétiques à l’ère de la sécurité collective.
Keywords: Foreign policy; History - Russian and Soviet / Histoire de la Russie - histoire soviétique (UMI : 0724); Litvinov; Russia; Soviet Union; Stalin; Staline; URSS; USSR; Union Soviétique; collective security; diplomatie; international relations; relations internationales; sécurité collective

À toi pour toujours? Le Canadien de Montréal comme enjeu national d'une guerre culturelle - Ascencio-Lapierre, Emmanuel (Université de Montréal, 2012)
Le nationalisme est souvent présenté comme étant civique ou ethnique. En réalité, toute nation se définit avant tout par sa culture. Les États, le plus souvent composés de deux ou plusieurs nations, sont le théâtre permanent d'une guerre culturelle. Inspiré par le cadre théorique défini par le post-structuralisme et le post-colonialisme, l’objectif de la recherche est de montrer que le sport en tant qu’agent culturel actif a historiquement été instrumentalisé pour alimenter la guerre culturelle au sein des États. L'analyse critique des différents écrits académiques touchant au Canadien de Montréal montre comment la guerre culturelle s’est déployée sur le territoire du Québec à travers les pratiques discursives qui ont sculpté les représentations symboliques de cette équipe de hockey.
Keywords: Canadien de Montréal; History - Canadian / Histoire - Canadienne (UMI : 0334); Montreal Canadiens; Nationalism; Nationalisme; hockey; post-colonialism; post-colonialisme; post-structuralism; post-structuralisme; sport

La présence phénicienne en Syrie du Nord à l’Âge du Fer, 1000-500 av. J.C - Al-Olabi, Israa (Université de Montréal, 2010)
Cette étude porte sur la présence phénicienne en Syrie du Nord uniquement pendant la première moitié de l’Âge du Fer, i.e entre 1000 et 500 av. J.C. Elle est fondée sur l’analyse des données archéologiques et littéraires des principaux sites côtiers de cette région, al Mina, Ras el Bassit, Tell Kazel, Tell Soukas et Amrit. Après une présentation des caractéristiques culturelles de la civilisation phénicienne, j’aborde l’analyse de ces sites. Les données qui permettent de prouver une présence phénicienne dans la région s’avèrent nombreuses et j’en conclus que les Phéniciens devaient constituer une minorité importante de la population de ces sites, au même titre que les Grecs ou les Chypriotes, la majorité étant d’origine syrienne. Mais dans certains cas, notamment sur les sites les plus proches des grandes capitales phéniciennes, il n’est pas impossible qu’ils aient été majoritaires. L’étude illustrera par ailleurs l’importance du rôle des cités de la Syrie du Nord dans les échanges commerciaux et culturels avec les autres cultures du Sud-Est du bassin méditerranéen, notamment celles de la Grèce, île de Chypre, de la Cilicie et de la Syrie intérieure.
Keywords: Al Mina; Amrit; Archeology; Archéologie; History - Ancient / Histoire - Ancienne (UMI : 0579); Iron Age; Northern Syria; Phoenicians; Phéniciens; Ras el Bassit; Syria; Syrie; Syrie du Nord; Tell Kazel; Tell Soukas; Âge du Fer

Elf ERAP en Irak, de 1968 à 1977 - Bakka, Karima (Université de Montréal, 2010)
Ever since its creation in 1966, ERAP aimed to increase oil from the “franc” zone by diversifying its supply sources. Such an aim became all the more crucial as its acquisitions in the Sahara seemed threatened by tense relations between the French group and Algerian authorities. Still, to secure a share of the world market at that time seemed to a difficult if not an impossible task, the biggest oil-producing spaces having already been occupied by the big corporations called Majors. However, the French state company managed to settle in several oil-producing countries, including Iraq in 1968, until then viewed as a private hunting ground for the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP). Also, following its failure in Algeria, the Iraq experiment prompted Elf ERAP to set its sights on oil-rich subsaharian African countries and the North Sea. On February 3rd 1968, Elf ERAP signed an agreement with the state oil company INOC to take charge of exploration and exploitation of a part of the territory that was confiscated by the Iraqi government from the powerful Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). In return for this financial and technical input/support, Elf ERAP would be rewarded with steady supply of Iraqi oil. It was a new kind of partnership termed « service contract ». The latter replaced the old system of concessions and helped the state company succeed in its attempt to penetrate the Middle East. Exploration quickly led to the discovery of oil fields. Production started in 1976 and reached 5 million tons in 1977.This allowed the Elf ERAP, renamed the SNEA, to look with optimism at its energy supply future, the latter being provided in considerable part by the Iraqi market. Surprisingly, however, the French state company backed away from the deal in May 1977, and was replaced by the INOC which took over the project two years before the date planned by the initial contract of 1968. This research project seeks to clarify the operator role played by ERAP in Iraq between 1968 and 1977. To explain the premature departure of Elf Iraq, one needs to determine both the endogenous and exogenous factors that might have motivated such a move. In other words, did the state company suffer the repercussions of its own energy choices, or was the Iraqi oil policy responsible for such an outcome? To what extent was the withdrawal attributable to the international oil situation? With the help of Elf and TOTAL archives, we have come to the conclusion that the compression of the oil market uniting distributors and producers greatly affected the profitability of intermediary contracts « service contracts».
Keywords: Histoire pétrolière; History - European / Histoire - Européenne (UMI : 0335); Oil history

Liberation from Below : the Caribbean Conference Committee of Montreal and the global new left - Austin, David (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Black; Canada; Caraïbéenne; Carribbean; New left; Noir; Nouvelle gauche

Quelle démocratie pour l'Europe? : le problème du déficit démocratique européen à la lumière de la tradition républicaine - Bailly, Emmanuelle (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Keywords: Democracy; Démocratie; European Union; Histoire des idées; History of ideas; Machiavel; Machiavelli; Philosophie; Philosophy; Union européenne

Que faire des études sur l'armée chinoise ? un regard critique sur l'historiographie de l'Armée Populaire de Libération - Barreau, Ivan (Université de Montréal, 2007)
Keywords: Histoire chinoise moderne; Histoire militaire; Modernisation; Organisation militaire; Relations civil-militaire; Relations sino-américaines; Structures académiques

Histoire de la fièvre puerpérale au Canada, XVIIIe - XXe siècles : bénéfices d'une médicalisation tardive de l'accouchement - Beaudry, Louka (Université de Montréal, 2005)
Keywords: Canada; Fièvre puerpérale; Histoire; Médecine; Médicalisation; Obstétrique

Représentations et pratiques de la villégiature à Montréal au tournant du XXe siècle - Aubin-Des-Roches, Caroline (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Keywords: Campagne; Nature; Résidence secondaire; Sports; Urbain; Vacances; Villégiature; Voile; Élite; Été

Pratiques religieuses et vie paroissiale en milieu urbain au XXe siècle : la paroisse Immaculée-Conception de Montréal, 1910-1940 - Aubry, Jean-Christian (Université de Montréal, 1999)
Keywords: =CL; Paroisse de l'Immaculée-Conception (Montréal; Québec)

«Il y a plus de crime à detruire un enfant, qu’à le faire» : traitement communautaire et judiciaire de l’infanticide en Nouvelle-France (1671-1747) - Chasle, Ariane (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis studies the ways in which infanticide was handled by communities and by the judicial system in New France. It draws on multiple textual and demographic sources, most notably the ten criminal trials for infanticide that occurred in the colony during the Old Regime. The dynamics between the accused, the members of their community and the magistrates during the trials reveal the existence of relations of power and solidarities that characterized collectivities in the early modern period. I therefore examine the roles played by the community in the prosecution of women suspected of infanticide. How did the women and men of New France conceptualize the act? What factors led the community to judicialize infanticide? I also examine the magistrates’ motivations. What goals did they have? What severity did they demonstrate toward accused women? Further, the thesis addresses the resistance that women could exert against these forces. What influence did the accused have on the course of the trials and the sentences pronounced against them? What strategies could they devise and execute in their own defence? Analyzing the role that witnesses played throughout the process illustrates the fundamental participation of the community in the treatment of infanticide as well as the gender and class norms imposed on the accused by their contemporaries (chapter 2). The study of the accused’s strategies and the sentences handed down against them reveals both the weight of the social and marital order reinforced by the judicial institution and the agency shown by the women of New France (chapter 3).
Accepted: 2023-05-11T19:50:25Z
Keywords: =CL; Ancien Régime; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); Children; Communauté; Community; Criminal trials; Enfants; Gender; Genre; Grossesse; Histoire des femmes; Infanticide; Judicial system; Magistrates; Magistrats; Montreal; Montréal; New France; Nouvelle-France; Old Regime; Pregnancy; Procès criminels; Quebec; Québec; Sexuality; Sexualité; Système judiciaire; Violence; Women's history

Sauver l’enfant selon les récits de miracles au XIIIe siècles - Miller, Carolane (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Abstract This thesis focuses on the prevention of early childhood accidents in the Middle Ages. Through the study of three compilations of miracula, we will analyze the thematic of the child that they present. These compilations are the Miracles of the Blessed Virgin by Gautier de Coincy, the Miracles of Nostre-Dame de Chartres by Jean le Marchant and the Rosarius. In this study, we will look at the diversity of normative discourses surrounding this theme. These analyze allow us to take stock of the precautions surrounding children in the Middle Ages. We conclude that the Miracles of Nostre-Dame de Chartres are not representative of the general miracula corpus, cause the miracula it contains present a preventive character more focused on the physical dangers faced by the child.
Accepted: 2023-05-11T19:56:03Z
Keywords: =CL; Medieval history / Histoire médiévale (UMI : 0581); Middle Age; Moyen-Âge; Prévention; childhood; discours; enfance; hagiographie; hagiography; miracle; preaching; prevention; prédication; speech

Repenser la place des minorités en situation coloniale : le cas des Indiens d’Indochine et de Birmanie, 1907-1937 - Tiburcio-Carneiro, Marly (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Based on a comparative study of the communities that migrated from India to French Indochina and British Burma, this thesis examines the place of Indian migrants in these two colonies during the first half of the 20th century. Indian minorities had a special place in the colonial system because of their various legal status, political and economic influence, and intermediary roles. These dynamics and the interest in studying them are illustrated by three specific case studies: 1. the dispute between Indian police officers and the municipality of Saigon in 1907; 2. Negotiations during the separation of Burma from the British Raj in 1935; 3. the repercussions of the 1929 stock market crash on government discourse on these communities and their place in colonial settings. The interaction of Indian minorities with colonial administrations indicates their understanding of imperial workings. They illustrate their skillful navigation of government structures and their mobilization to defend their interests. The analysis of their position as intermediaries highlights how minority communities have used their relationships to bypass lines of authority and power and sheds light on the plurality of hierarchical axes in colonial situations. These three case studies provide a more holistic conceptualization of colonial Indian minorities and support their complexity, highlighting their ambiguous allegiances and how they define and redefine themselves. The colonial authorities' speeches on those communities highlighted the link between the desirability of Indian minorities and Indian minorities and the need for their presence in the two colonies. This thesis helps deepen our understanding of what an empire is and the complex place that groups deemed homogenous and marginal may have occupied within it.
Accepted: 2023-05-11T19:57:39Z
Keywords: =CL; Asian history / Histoire de l’Asie (UMI : 0332); Birmanie britannique; British Burma; French Indochina; Indian minorities; Indochine française; Minorités indiennes; colonial intermediaries; colonialism; colonialisme; connected history; empires; histoire connectée; intermédiaires coloniaux; trans-imperial; transimpérial

L’identité et la sexualité queer de Giovanni Bordoni : discours parallèles sur l’homoérotisme féminin et le travestissement en Italie au milieu du 18e siècle - Martel-Dion, Audrey (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This dissertation focusses on the Breve storia, a medical biography published in September 1744 by physician and anatomist Giovanni Bianchi. This novella recounts the life and autopsy of a young Roman servant, Giovanni Bordoni, known in many villages in Tuscany as an enthusiastic seducer and womanizer, until his death on June 28th, 1743. At this point, when the body is stripped for the autopsy, the physician notes female reproductive organs. In fact, even though Bordoni led his adult life under a male identity, his biological sex becomes a subject of discussions and writings after his death, immortalizing him as a woman with same-sex desires, cross-dressed as a man. However, by delving into sexuality and gender as they were understood in early modern Europe, this dissertation deconstructs two main claims: first, that female same-sex desires were intrinsically linked to clitoral hypertrophy, second, that gender existed only in a strict normative link to the biological sex. Thus, by analyzing the Breve storia and Bianchi’s correspondence with his readers, it is possible to shed light on the diverse ways of naming and understanding female homoeroticism in the 18th century, linking it for example with genital anatomy, psychology, and emotions. This master’s thesis highlights that, while the early moderns considered that gender’s essence is found in sex, they could understand it as sometimes fluid, but also as not fully masculine or feminine.
Accepted: 2023-05-11T19:54:35Z
Keywords: 18e siècle; 18th century; =CL; Italie; Italy; Modern history / Histoire moderne (UMI : 0582); gender; genre; histoire; histoire queer; history; homoeroticism; homoérotisme; queer; sexuality; sexualité

La perception des Alliés dans la presse de la Résistance française (1940-1944) - Guérard-Bigras, Laurie (Université de Montréal, 2023)
The French Resistance press was born following the defeat of France and the signing of the armistice with Germany in June 1940. It embodied the will of some French citizens to refuse the occupation and to represent an alternative to Vichy France. In addition to countering official propaganda, the underground newspapers published their vision of the France to be rebuilt in the post-war period. Our master’s thesis analyzes the perception of the Allies in the French Resistance press between 1940 and 1944, in order to highlight the extent to which France's place in the world is visible through the vision shown of the three great powers, who are allies, but who could represent threats after the Liberation. The portraits of the Allies allow us to analyze and understand the plans and concerns of the Resistance. Based on a discursive, diachronic and thematic analysis of the clandestine newspapers, we are able to show that the perception of the Allies evolves during the course of the war, moving from a generally positive view between 1940 and 1942 to a more critical perception in the spring of 1944. At the beginning of the war, the Resistance offered a portrait of the Allies based on their military strength. Nevertheless, from 1943 onwards, it had to protect the population and gain legitimacy. This change strengthened the Resistance and allowed it to gradually impose itself as the authority protecting French interests in the face of Allies whose postwar intentions were increasingly criticized.
Accepted: 2023-05-11T19:53:03Z
Keywords: =CL; Allies; Alliés; European history / Histoire de l’Europe (UMI : 0335); France; Resistance; Resistance press; Résistance intérieure; Seconde Guerre mondiale; World War II; international relations; presse de la Résistance; relations internationales

Convertir des âmes et des castors : rivalités missionnaires et accusations commerciales en Nouvelle-France au XVIIe siècle - Dupont-Germain, Arnaud (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis explores the rivalries between Jesuit, Recollect and Sulpician missionaries in the 17th century in New France. Specifically, it examines the polemical discourse about the missionaries, whether it came from religious competitors or from members of the colonial administration. Although these missionaries were all part of a common apostolic project, the sources reveal that different networks were struggling at the time so that some missionaries could enjoy a monopoly over the souls of the colony, while others were relegated to the background. In this nascent Church, several disagreements that raged between these three religious families can help to explain the tensions that we find in their writings. The main issues were the francization of the First Nations and the founding of the bishopric of Quebec. Furthermore, the rivalries between the Jesuits, the Recollects and the Sulpicians went far beyond the spiritual framework and regularly led to commercial issues. Certain missionaries, the Jesuits in particular, were accused throughout the century by various actors of enriching themselves in various ways, and of engaging in the fur trade. Rather than focusing on the veracity of these attacks, this thesis proposes to analyze them and to try to understand their origin and function. These accusations must also be put in relation to the rivalries that the missionaries had to face in their other missions during the same period.
Accepted: 2023-05-11T19:51:44Z
Keywords: 17th century; =CL; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); Jesuits; Jésuites; New France; Nouvelle-France; Recollects; Récollets; Sulpicians; Sulpiciens; XVIIe siècle; fur trade; missionaries; missionnaires; polemic; polémique; rivalités; rivalries; traite des fourrures

Of wine and roses : le Québec anglophone et la France (v. 1920 – v. 1990) - Chaniac, Arnaud (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis aims at describing the relations built between the English-speaking minorities of Quebec and France from the end of World War I to the end of the Cold War. Since the 1960s, historiography has emphasized the significance of the “fait français” in the building of Franco-Quebecois ties. Such a narrative, developed during and after the Quiet Revolution, overlooks the existence of numerous connections between Anglo-Quebec and French elites. On the French side, exchanges with the English-speaking business community were encouraged in the name of the intensification of Franco-Canadian trade. On the Anglo-Quebec side, France embodies a civilizational model which knowledge of is an integral part of a legitimate culture – that is clearly distinguished from a folklore-like French-Canadian culture. Based on the study of individual trajectories as well as networks of influence, I intend to qualify French-speaking historiography by bringing to light the official diplomatic and parallel diplomatic ties that unite France and Englishspeaking Quebec. I also aim at showing on which principles and which actions a French influence is built all over an Atlantic space throughout the 20th century.
Accepted: 2023-04-27T20:02:56Z
Keywords: 20th century; =CL; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); English-speaking Quebec; French international relations; Québec anglophone; Track-I diplomacy; Track-II diplomacy; Transatlantic history; XXe siècle; diplomatie officielle; diplomatie parallèle; histoire transatlantique; relations internationales de la France

De la narration à l'interprétation : la fonction des exempla virginaux dans l'œuvre d'Aldhelm - Binette, Virginie (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Near the end of the 7th century, in the anglo-saxon world, Aldhelm of Malmesbury published his opus geminatum, the Prosa and Carmen de uirginitate. He dedicated his work to the nuns of the double monastery of Barking, particularly the abbess Hildelith. The De uirginitate is a treaty on virginity, which includes a theoretical part and catalogs of virginal figures found in hagiographical as well as in Biblical sources. Historiography has tended to underestimate the role of these catalogs within the treaty, portraying them as a mere florilegium without logic. This dissertation will propose that the virginal figures mentioned in the catalogs served as exempla. More specifically, we propose that these characters are exemplary figures whose function is to mirror the theoretical part of the De uirginitate. Ald-helm’s treaty will then appear to possess a double function, which is to defend the double monas-teries and the nuns’ authority in an increasingly hostile environment as well as to serve as a guide to sexual renunciation.
Accepted: 2023-05-11T19:48:47Z
Keywords: 7th century; =CL; Aldhelm; Angleterre anglo-saxonne; Ascétisme; Christianism; Christianisme; Hagiographie; Hagiography; Martyr; Medieval history / Histoire médiévale (UMI : 0581); Monachisme; Saint; VIIe siècle; Virginité; anglo-saxon England; ascetism; exempla; monachism; virginity

« C’est icy le pays du monde le plus propre a faire des chanvres... si on s’en vouloit donner la peine » : le discours officiel sur le chanvre au Canada, 1660-1840 - Bénard-Saumur, David (Université de Montréal, 2023)
The cultivation of hemp in Canada under the French and British Regimes has long attracted the attention of historians. Until recently, the focus has been on repeated attempts by administrators to develop this culture in Canada. Another element remained largely ignored: the discourse formulated by the colonial authorities on the subject of hemp, an agricultural product as unloved by the Canadian peasantry as it was cherished by the colonial administrators. Whether French or British, the official program, centred on naval supplies (hemp was used in particular for the manufacture of sails and ropes) and associated with mercantilist designs, aimed to replace with Canadian hemp that which successive metropolises import from abroad, mainly from Northern Europe. However, this policy responded only with difficulty to colonial conditions. Despite everything, from Quebec, the colonial administrators, both French and English, persisted for a long time in introducing it, devoting long passages to it in their correspondence with the various ministries in Paris or Versailles, and later in London. By listing the obstacles to hemp culture, they developed a fundamentally stereotyped discourse on the Canadian peasantry, and even on the Creole population in general. These images will have a long life, surviving then change of regime at the Conquest and influencing both contemporary authors and the historical narratives that would be produced until the middle of the 20th century. Nevertheless, there was a learning process. It manifested itself in two stages: in the more lucid formulations of the administrators of the late French Regime and, nearly half a century later, in the agronomic discourse emerging in the vicinity of the Colonial Assembly, more sensitive to the possibilities of local agriculture.
Accepted: 2023-06-14T19:45:03Z
Keywords: =CL; Ancien Régime; Bas-Canada; Canada; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); English regime; French regime; Haut-Canada; Lower Canada; New France; Nouvelle-France; Province de Québec; Province of Quebec; Régime anglais; Régime français; Upper Canada; agriculteurs; colonie; colony; culture du chanvre; discours; discourse; farmers; gouverneurs; governors; habitants; hemp cultivation; inhabitants; intendants; representations; représentations

Réception et usages des principes du droit romain par les officiers royaux français : réflexions autour de la justice pénale sous Charles VI (1380-1422) - Perreault-Corbeil, Élisabeth (Université de Montréal, 2023)
The reign of Charles VI (1380-1422) of France is characterized by several upheavals, the first one being the king's madness, declared in 1392. Despite the military, economic and social crises that shake the kingdom, it is nevertheless a strong time for the establishment of the monarchical State. The instability actually allowed the royal authority to strengthen its positions and to impose its power more effectively, especially in matters of justice. This strengthening is grounded on the Roman law, which had been studied since the 12th century by royal officers, important members of the administration. The present work analyzes the way legal principles inherited from Antiquity are received and engaged in medieval literature to support thoughts on justice. It is based on the study of the writings of four influential royal officers: Nicolas de Clamanges, Jean de Montreuil, Laurent de Premierfait and Guillaume de Tignonville. The concepts borrowed from the classical works are expressed through a double affirmation: a more severe application of royal justice and a more systematic use of the death penalty. If the authors expectations are sometimes incompatible with an exercise of justice guided by clemency, the royal authorities nevertheless tend to sanction more rigorously. The relationship between legal theories and their application is complex, but tends to converge towards the same path, in the context of the affirmation of sovereignty and the fight against crimes that threaten public peace.
Accepted: 2023-06-14T19:46:27Z
Keywords: 14th-15th centuries; =CL; Death penalty; Droit romain; France; Guillaume de Tignonville; Jean de Montreuil; Justice; Laurent de Premierfait; Medieval history / Histoire médiévale (UMI : 0581); Nicolas de Clamanges; Peine capitale; Roman law; Souveraineté; Sovereignty; XIVe-XVe siècles

Construire une citoyenneté urbaine par le droit de vote municipal : lois électorales et contestations militantes à Montréal de 1965 à 1974 - Robert, Vincent (Université de Montréal, 2023)
In December 1968, Quebec’s provincial government passed two laws introducing universal suffrage in all municipalities on its territory. Residents who are twenty-one or older, provided they were Canadian citizens domiciled in the city for at least a year, were now allowed to vote in the municipal elections. This was also the case for non-residents who owned or rented an apartment block, business, or office in the city. Initially, the City of Montreal refused to abide by the provisions of these laws. It maintained a version of the municipal right to vote on its territory which limited its exercise to certain owners or taxpaying tenants. What was the City's motivation for refusing to follow the provincial government's lead and adopt this reform? My thesis aims to uncover the reasons why the municipality embraced such a choice, which was met at the time with discontent by several activist groups in Montreal. Why limit the exercise of such a fundamental right? To answer this question, I examined the minutes of parliamentary debates, newspaper articles and legislative texts, as well as various historiographical sources. My thesis therefore considers that the City of Montreal supports a form of urban citizenship during the period studied that is meritorious and exclusivist in nature. It opposes the Quebec government’s proposed form of citizenship, which is universal and inclusive but retains certain meritorious characteristics. Furthermore, my thesis argues that Montreal activist groups of the time, grouped within the political party « Front d’action politique », supported a form of urban citizenship that ensured real political equality for Montreal residents, and confronted the political authorities on their definition of citizenship in Montreal.
Accepted: 2023-11-23T17:15:38Z
Keywords: =CL; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); Citizenship; Citoyenneté; Droit de vote; Histoire de Montréal; Histoire politique; History of Montreal; Liberalism; Libéralisme; Political history; Right to vote; Suffrage

« Tout [n]était pas si négatif que ça » : les mémoires contestées du duvaliérisme au sein de la diaspora haïtienne de Montréal, 1964-2014 - Belony, Lyns-Virginie (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Political instability in Haiti provided an important backdrop to the election of François Duvalier in September 1957. The new head of state, who soon established an authoritarian dictatorship (notably after 1964) and a hereditary regime (after 1971), justified both his victory and presidency trough a messianic message around the creation of a new Haiti. In the end, the duvalierist regime, stretching close to thirty years, was mostly a period marred by state-sponsored violence. Of the many repercussions of the dictatorship the creation of various Haitian diasporic communities, notably in Montreal, Quebec, during the second half of the 20th century remains one of the most notable. Despite the often critical tone employed by most specialists to make sense of the Duvalier period, Haitians, in Haiti and abroad, have remained divided in their assessment of the authoritarian regime. This doctoral thesis locates the emergence and creation of different collective memory scripts within diasporic communities by focusing on the particular case of the Haitian diaspora in Montreal between 1964 and 2014. By combining an analysis of “traditional” written documents and through the examination oral interviews, this research explores how, at different historical junctures between Quebec and Haiti, this population, marked by its heterogeneity, articulated different visions of the dictatorship in Haiti. This thesis was particularly inspired by the concept of “emblematic memory” advanced by the historian Steve Stern (2004) in his book trilogy which investigated different “memory camps” in post-Pinochet Chile. Our own research contends that the discourses and memories of Duvalierism that were forged within the Haitian diaspora in Quebec did not follow a linear trajectory and fell within a larger project where various conceptualizations of Duvalierist power and its place in Haiti’s national history were contested. It also shows that the very way in which many have understood duvalierism has evolved over time to adapt to new political realities in Haiti and in Quebec. Ultimately, it suggests that any reading of duvalierism, positive or negative, is always located within a broader appreciation (critic) of post-1986 Haiti.
Accepted: 2023-11-23T17:21:24Z
Keywords: =CL; Black studies / Études des noirs (UMI : 0325); Collective memory; Diaspora haïtienne; Diaspora haïtienne au Québec; François Duvalier; Haiti; Haitian Diaspora; Haitian Diaspora in Quebec; Haïti; Histoire orale; Jean-Claude Duvalier; Mémoire collective; Oral History

Courants colonialistes et anticolonialistes dans la pensée républicaine française au tournant du 20e siècle - Aubry, Maximilien (Université de Montréal, 2023)
At the turn of the 19th century, after the fall of the Second Empire, France underwent a period of institutional uncertainty. By trying to consildate the new regime, the founders of the Third Republic engaged the country in a period of colonial expansion. The main promoters of the colonial policy, of which Jules Ferry and Léon Gambetta, try to justify it by integrating universalists republicans principles into the colonial discourse. This method of political persuasion will brought to light its share of contradictions. Historiography on the subject tend to consider that there was a consensus among contemporaries. However, several political actors of the Third Republic will oppose colonial expansion, giving rise to an anti-colonialist current, also inspired by republican thought. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how two different ideological currents, seemingly contradictory, can define their discourse on the basis of the same philosophical roots. Republican ideology is based upon the principles of the Déclaration des droits de l’homme of 1794, which put forward the concepts of equality and liberty. While these principles were upheld in the colonialist discourse, their application in the colonies was constantly put off. In order not to betray their republican heritage, Third Republic thinkers distorted it, through the concepts of « hiérarchie raciale » and « mission civilisatrice ». Colonialist and anti-colonialist speeches will be analyzed in periodicals and contemporary publications, in addition to numerous speeches from the Chambre des députés (Chamber of Deputies). This dissertation examines studies how republican thought supports both colonialist and anti-colonialist discourse. In that perspective, the analysis of the arguments opposing colonization demonstrates that a stable and lasting anti-colonialist current was clearly present under the Third Republic.
Accepted: 2023-08-02T19:57:10Z
Keywords: =CL; European history / Histoire de l’Europe (UMI : 0335); France; Third Republic; Troisième République; anti-colonialism; anticolonialisme; colonialism; colonialisme; republicanism; républicanisme; universalism; universalisme

« The fight for the minds of men » : le Committee on Public Information et son exportation dans le monde (1917-1919) - Guy, Frédéric (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This master's thesis examines the creation in the United States of the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and its deployment in Europe, and analyzes the relationship that developed between its director, George Creel, and President Woodrow Wilson. The archives used for this research are letters and documents, dated from 1916 to 1920, from the Woodrow Wilson Papers in the Library of Congress in Washington. Upon the entry of the United States into the war in April 1917, the government - following a trend of thought emerging in the nineteenth century on the power of public opinion - became aware of the importance of maintaining enthusiasm for the war among its population, which led to the creation of the CPI. This "propaganda" committee was not originally intended to extend beyond American borders. It was only after the revolution in Russia in the fall of 1917 and the fear of seeing this ally leave the war that the idea of exporting American democratic values and Wilsonian ideas around the world took shape in order to keep the allied populations mobilized and prepare the ground for the post-war period. Far from restricting itself to Russia, the committee extended its work to other Entente countries and neutrals, with the aim of eventually reaching the populations of the central empires. An analysis of the exchanges between the President and George Creel highlights the close collaboration between the two men and the interdependence that developed between them during the war. The CPI found in the President a valuable support in order to assert its authority and thus reach a wider public, despite the sharp criticism coming from the diplomatic personnel posted abroad who was suspicious of the committee's objectives and methods. In return, the President benefits from an organization dedicated to showcasing his ideals in the United States and around the world. This dissertation is the first research to examine the work of the CPI on the European continent globally.
Accepted: 2023-08-02T19:58:25Z
Keywords: =CL; American history / Histoire des États-Unis (UMI : 0337); Committee on public information; Cpi; First World War; George Creel; Première guerre mondiale; Propaganda; Propagande; United-States; Woodrow Wilson; États-unis

Ambiances sonores et musique dans les cultes de Déméter, de Dionysos et de la Mère dans l'Athènes archaïque et classique, ca 550-300 av. n. è. - Fleury, Sandra (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis will consider the sound atmosphere (including cries, speech, noises and moments of silence) and music in the cults of the Great Mother, Dionysus and Demeter in Archaic and Classical Greece and their roles and meanings. Until recently, the audible component of Greek cults has rarely been considered by historical reconstructions. However, it played a fundamental role both in ritual practice and tales. These two expressions of religion – ritual practice and tales – are inextricably linked in ancient storytelling, just as representations inspired by the rituals are rife with imaginary elements. Examining different types of sources – of which the literary works and painted vases are the most numerous and enlightening – and considering the various cultural ingredients (tales and ritual practice, the imaginary and the real) as a coherent whole can provide insight into the phonosphere unique to each god in striking ways. This comprehensive approach leads to a better understanding of the religious experience of the Greeks, including certain phenomena that remain controversial today, such as maenadism and ecstatic ritual. The sources reveal that through their communicative power, music, sounds and silence filled specific functions in the ritual practices and tales. While some sounds and music were intended to please the god and hence gain favour, others bearing the god’s sonic signature held sway over mortals during rituals as a moment of personal contact with the divine. In certain cases, this aural sway could bring healing and a balancing of internal instability. Moreover, the sound vocabulary found in the literature almost invariably carries meaning that makes it possible to recognize the world and divine figures it describes. Cataloguing the sound vocabularies of individual cults/deities helps identify the relationships between certain gods. This in turn can clarify interpretations of certain passages in the literature. Similarly, research on musical instruments reveals tastes and trends, which could be attributed to the significant 5 changes in the religious and political spheres of Athens in the late 5th century BC. For example, the progressive introduction of the tympanum to the Dionysian world starting in the first half of the 5th century BC suggests that Athenians appropriated the cult of the Great Mother and the instrument most commonly associated with it. This observation, based on contemporary accounts, corroborates the distinction Athenians made between an ancestral religion and an “additional” multifaceted one. In that respect, investigating the sound atmosphere in these cults improves our understanding of not only the cults themselves, but also Athenian society as a whole and the milestone events that shaped it. Studying the sounds and their place and function in ritual practice and tales deepens our knowledge of Greek religion and the methods of communication it established between the realms of mortals and the gods. It also allows us to better characterize the social and cultural environments in which it developed
Accepted: 2023-07-03T18:15:39Z
Keywords: =CL; Ambiance sonore; Ancient history / Histoire de l’Antiquité (UMI : 0579); Demeter; Dionysos; Dionysus; Déméter; Mother of the Gods; Mère des dieux; ancient Greek religion; chant; cri; extatic rituals; extatisme; fonction rituelle; hymn; hymne; iconographie; iconography; instrument de musique; literature; littérature; mania; music; music instrument; musique; pratique rituelle; religion grecque; ritual function; ritual practice; récit; shout; silence; singing; son; sound; sound atmosphere; tale; terminology; tympanon

Le traitement de l’exposition universelle de Paris 1900 dans La Presse et La Patrie - Dumesnil, Laurent (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This M.A thesis studies the Paris 1900 World’s Fair through the analysis of newspaper articles in La Presse and La Patrie. In doing so, this research situates itself at the crossroads of numerous historiographical fields. In the second half of the 19th century, both the press and the World’s Fair undergo significant changes. These changes affects newspapers in the way they look and are printed, but also in their content. For the World’s Fair, they evolve and culminate in the celebration of the 19th century in Paris in 1900. The changes affecting the press and the World’s Fair beg questions such as : How is the press talking about the presence of Quebec and French Canada at the Fair? What place do the Others take in the press discourse regarding the Fair? Is there a difference between the discourse surrounding the European nations, and those that are viewed as « Oriental » nations at the Fair? Firstly the newspaper articles that make up our body of sources are separated into four different categories: advertising, political articles, entertainment articles and chronicles. This analysis, though not exhaustive, will examine the significance that the Paris 1900 Wold’s Fair had in the La Presse and La Patrie newspapers. Secondly, the discursive analysis of these articles helps us understand the way Canada presents itself at the Fair. The press reveals how the Canadian exhibits were displayed, and consequently how the country tried to present itself on the international stage. The newspaper’s discourse also illustrates Canada’s will to appear on the same level as other euroamerican « civilized » nations, such as France, Germany or even the United- States, both culturally and economically. Also, the newspaper exposes how Canada perceived the Occident and it’s racialized view of other races. The later are often exhibited during the Fair in « human spectacles » that occasionally take place throughout the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Canada’s presentation of itself at the World’s Fair and the broad strokes of Canada’s ideals at the time, as shown through the newspaper articles, demonstrates unequal racial power relationships stemming from the justification of Occident’s colonial domination grounded in a European scientific racialism.
Accepted: 2023-10-25T18:42:13Z
Keywords: =CL; Canadian studies / Études canadiennes (UMI : 0385); La Patrie; La Presse; Orient; World's Fair; World's Fair of Paris 1900; alterity; altérité; exposition universelle; exposition universelle de Paris 1900; histoire; histoire de la presse; history; history of the press; identité; identité nationale; indentity; national identity; presse écrite; print media

Violence dans les contiones : symptôme du conflit identitaire de la fin de la République romaine - Marcoux, Louis (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This master’s thesis aims to shed light on why many episodes of violent collective behavior occurred in the contiones during the last century of the Roman Republic (133-44 BC). To get there, we have drawn on an analytical framework specialized in the understanding of intergroup conflict and recently used by historians: social psychology. We mainly used the Social Identity Theory because it is considered the most comprehensive in explaining intergroup behavior at both the societal and crowd levels. It turns out that the appearance of violence in the contiones can be explained both by reasons related to the political, social and economic context of Roman society in the first two centuries BC and by factors specific to this type of assembly. Drawing on recent studies, our analysis began by showing that the political and economic context of Rome caused divisions between the groups that constituted it. By considering this fragmentation, we were able to recognize the presence of factors that encouraged intergroup conflicts on a macro scale. We then looked separately at the two distinctive features of contiones (an audience assembled and a speaker discoursed) to determine how they contributed to violent outbursts. Our analysis suggested that contiones were one of the few contexts in which assembled individuals categorized their peers according to their political group membership and where a speaker could influence the dynamics that developed between these groups. Given the troubled state of Roman society, the contiones provided a fertile environment for intergroup conflict.
Accepted: 2023-10-25T18:43:36Z
Keywords: =CL; Ancient history / Histoire de l’Antiquité (UMI : 0579); Contiones; Histoire romaine; Identité sociale; Intergroup violence; Late Roman Republic; Plebs; Plèbe; Political violence; Psychologie sociale; Roman history; République romaine tardive; Social identity; Social psychology; Violence intergroupe; Violence politique

Les esclaves révolutionnaires : étude du discours historien sur l'agentivité des esclaves à l'ère des révolutions - Sarobe, Alexandre (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Since the 1960s, the history of slavery and that of the Atlantic Revolutions have carved out a significant place in the historiography. These developments have had a beneficial effect on the representation of populations of African origin in the historical literature, contributing in particular to putting the Haitian Revolution back on the map in the 1990s and 2000s. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a few works on the various revolutions of the Americas, namely the American, the Haitian and the South American, in order to study the changing importance that historians attribute to the agency of black people, and principally to slaves. The first chapter follows the evolution of this historiography by submitting to serial analysis the bibliography assembled by Aline Helg in Slaves No More!, before examining the pioneering works of Anna Julia Cooper and C.L.R. James and a sort of prehistory of the notion of the Atlantic revolution. The second chapter focuses on a selection of work individually targeting the different revolutions of the Americas, in order to observe the treatment of slaves’ roles. The last deals with the treatment of the agency of slaves in four surveys published between 1988 and 2016 covering summarily or in detail the various American revolutions.
Accepted: 2023-10-25T18:49:12Z
Keywords: =CL; Agency; Agentivité; Atlantic History; Black history / Histoire des Noirs (UMI : 0328); Esclaves; Histoire Atlantique; Historiographie; Historiography; Representation; Représentation; Revolutions; Révolutions; Slaves

Un pont vers le futur ou un saut vers le passé? : une étude sur la démodernisation au Brésil (2013-2018) - De Castro Tavares, Abel (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This paper examines the document “Ponte para o futuro” (“Bridge to the future”), a neoliberal political platform implemented in Brazil after President Dilma Rousseff was deposed in 2016. The work shows that these policies have resulted in the systematic dismantling of public institutions and social policies, leading to a deterioration and decline in the population’s quality of life, referred to in this essay as “demodernization”. The primary motivation for conducting this study is the realization that the process that led to demodernization in Brazil has similarities with events observed in other countries, revealing an intentionality in the process. Aside from the differences specific to each country, demodernization follows a predetermined path. In Brazil’s case, the roadmap that establishes the steps to be followed to achieve a change in the political and economic regime is explained in detail in the “Bridge to the Future” plan. The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the notion of demodernization, and to verify whether the “Bridge to the Future” plan can be considered an inflection point that marks the change of course towards a neoliberal state. This work also seeks to fill certain gaps to enable a better understanding of the country’s recent history between 2013 and 2018, and to offer a contribution to studies on Latin America and Brazil in the light of the notion of demodernization
Accepted: 2023-12-12T19:46:04Z
Keywords: =CL; Brazil; Brésil; Dilma Rousseff; Démocratie; Démodernisation; Désinstitutionalisation; Latin American history / Histoire de l’Amérique latine (UMI : 0336); Michel Temer; Modernisation; Modernité; Néoliberalime; Un pont vers le futur; democracy; demodernization; modernity; modernization; neo-liberalism; policy dismantling; “A bridge to the future”

Négociation, surveillance et dépossessions : la territorialité ojibwe (1815-1860) - Pelletier, Guillaume (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis explores the territorial dispossession of the Ojibway people by the Canadian government in all its dimensions – be it economical, political but especially cultural. The analysis, greatly indebted to cultural geography, aspect too often poorly considered in the traditional narratives of settler colonialism, is the principal theme of this work. The type case is the Ojibway of the Garden River First Nation, between 1815 and 1860. By the figure of Shingwaukonse, this community held a very active diplomatic activity with the British crown, by the contact with representatives of its Canadian colonies. The trail it left allows us to see the total dispossession that necessitates settler colonialism. To successfully tackle this project, it is imperative to reframe the narrative of the Sault-Sainte-Marie region in all of it cross-border character, to address the multiple colonial dynamics felt by regional Anishinaabeg. This narrative starts on a vast geographical scale associated with the British Empire, before stopping on the specific ways this group lived their identities when faced with these new dispossessions.
Accepted: 2023-12-12T19:49:01Z
Keywords: =CL; Anishinaabe; Colonialisme de peuplement; Native American studies / Études amérindiennes (UMI : 0740); Ojibway; Ojibwe; Robinson Treaties; Settler Colonialism; Territoriality; Territorialité; Traités Robinson

Le fonctionnement des amirautés dans les colonies françaises de l'Amérique du Nord : Plaisance, Québec et Louisbourg, 1690-1760 - Gendron, Caroline (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Privateering was at its all-time high in the eighteenth century, specifically during the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713). The increase in this activity had particular consequences in the colonies and, in fact, precipitated the foundation of the first admiralty in French North America, at Plaisance. Colonial admiralties were to follow the instructions of the Ordonnance de la Marine of 1681, just like their French counterparts. While there are a few studies of the judgement of prizes in metropolitan admiralties, there are no studies that examine in detail how this procedure unfolded in colonial admiralties. This thesis asks, therefore, the following question: how did the colonial admiralties judge prizes in the eighteenth century, specifically from 1690 to 1760, in the ports of Plaisance, Québec and Louisbourg? To answer this question, the responses of the Admiral of France in the subseries G5 were used to make a preliminary statistical portrait to illuminate the main characteristics of captured prizes and their adjudication in the colonies (chapter 1). Then, records of proceedings of the Admiralty of Plaisance from the subseries G5 were used to reconstitute the judgement of prizes in detail and to identify the similarities and differences between colonial and metropolitan adjudication. Finally, in order to better understand the place of privateering in the admiralty’s overall activity, we examined how the volume of these cases compared to that of other types before the same institution. To do so, we consulted the fonds de l’amirauté de Québec and the fonds de l’amirauté de Louisbourg, with the notarized records of Plaisance. This analysis allowed us to see the particular role played by the admiralty in each port, a role shaped by the latter’s socioeconomic and geographic character (chapter 3). Main findings of the study include the similarity in procedures in metropolitan and colonial admiralties as well as the specific adaptations that were made to the colonial context.
Accepted: 2023-12-12T19:47:44Z
Keywords: =CL; Admiralty; Amirauté; Atlantic; Atlantique; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); Colonies françaises; Course; French Colonies; Louisbourg; Plaisance; Privateering; Québec

Le banquet en Norvège et en Islande aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles - Ouellet-Ayotte, Jérôme (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis explores feasting in Norway and Iceland during the 12th and 13th centuries. The subject of this work, often only merely mentioned by historiography, aims to fill this need by painting a general picture of banquets during the chosen time period. We aim to specifically address the topic by garnering exceptional details present in historical documents. This study also wishes to establish the various roles played by banquets by following two main axes. The first one sees the feast serving as a conveyer of social cohesion and friendships and also as a building tool for relationships. Inversely, the second exposes how feasts could serve more hostile purposes, notably distinguishing every attendee and underlining social inequalities among a given group. We also aim to categorize feasts, to identify their uses and their breadth. Through these efforts, we also identify unique traits that define this practice around western Scandinavia, but also the differences it entertains against other European regions. Finally, this study aims to touch on the transmission of customs surrounding feasting from Norway to Iceland incidental to increasing political relationships. To achieve the aforementioned goals, we solicited the use legal texts from both regions, king sagas, contemporary sagas, as well as documents coming from the Norwegian court.
Accepted: 2023-12-01T19:08:43Z
Keywords: 12th century; 13th century; =CL; Banquet; Coutumes et moeurs; Customs; Distinction; Feast; Iceland; Islande; Laws; Lois; Medieval history / Histoire médiévale (UMI : 0581); Norvège; Norway; Sagas; Sociability; Sociabilité; XIIIe siècle; XIIe siècle

Plongeons, précipitations et projections d'offrandes : mort et mouvement dans la poésie grecque archaïque - Sakellarides, Thalia (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis proposes to study the expression of movement in ancient Greek poetry and particularly the link between death and the physical act of falling in Homeric poetry. The question of movement appears implicitly in all studies concerned with death in ancient Greece and its different representations. Through not only different metaphorical expressions, but also through the fall of bodies on the battlefield, the fall of certain objects and the plunge of different characters, human and divine, the movement illustrates death or its imminence. Far from representing only the plunge of the soul into the Underworld, the falling movement also represents a wide range of emotional states and proves to be an effective way of expressing altered states of consciousness, for example the passage between life and death, sleep, madness and drunkenness, but also emotions of great intensity such as anger, pain and sadness. This use of the movement in Greek poetry is expressed in the poetic imagination, but also in the ritual practices recorded in Homeric poetry. Indeed, in the Iliad, the movement of fall which appears in libation, ritual oath and funeral rites would not only mean death, but in certain cases, death without burial. This discovery allows us to take a new look at the ritual practices of the poem which bring to light the true will of the Achaeans, explicitly shown in the third book (Il. 3. 276- 301), which is not only to kill men and children, and to enslave women, but to abandon the bodies of their enemies to the elements and thus to refusing them burial, which is problematic in the religious context of the ancient Greece. The falling movement, through the gesture of projection, expresses a threat that the Greek audience had to fully understand and is central to the entire plot. It also appears that the movement would possess a "magical efficiency" which would make it possible to trigger and seal an oath. Throughout Antiquity, the meaning of the movement through time became more complex and if it represents death and sadness in Homer, throughout the end of the archaic period until the last days of the Roman Empire, the movement eventually took an erotic connotation. Because of his capacity to represent various altered states of consciousness and its close links with death and mourning, the plunge then becomes the exemplary model of the suffering in love. This thesis thus makes it possible to observe the evolution of a motive which preserves throughout Antiquity its mortiferous dimension, but which, even today, expresses a close poetic link between death and eroticism.
Accepted: 2023-12-01T19:10:36Z
Keywords: =CL; Anthropologie de la Grèce ancienne; Anthropology of ancient Greece; Archaic Greece; Chute; Classical studies / Études classiques (UMI : 0434); Death; Dionysos; Dionysus; Diving; Drunkenness; Eroticism; Fall; Funeral rites; Greek religion; Grèce archaïque; Homeric poetry; Imaginaire mythico-poétique; Ivresse; Mort; Mouvement(s); Movement(s); Mythical-poetic imaginary; Oath; Plongeon; Poésie homérique; Religion grecque; Rites funéraires; Serment; Sirens; Sirènes; Soul; Érotisme

Perspective gramscienne sur les rapports entre l’Église catholique canadienne et l’État colonial au tournant du XIXe siècle - Bouillet, Ilan (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis analyses the situation of the catholic church of Canada at the turn of the 19th century using a Gramscian theoretical framework. Through the historical paths of three bishops, we demonstrate that the episcopacy maintained its position as an essential link between the Canadian population and the colonial state. We observe a threefold movement from within the catholic institution. The bishops intended to strengthen the structure of the episcopacy through social control and by increasing the numerical basis of the clergy. Republican ideas being promoted through the Atlantic revolutions, the colonial government and the episcopacy tightened their relationship in order to defend a monarchist conception of the world; the state and the church came to form what Antonio Gramsci calls an “ideological bloc”. The relationship between the two institutions was, however, not without conflict. A tug of war began over the judicial situation of the Catholic church. Some members of the British elite hoped to reinforce state control over the episcopacy which they considered as too independent. The issue at stake in the debates that arose at the start of the 19th century was to ascertain who would control the ideological apparatus in a colony where the majority of the population was Catholic
Accepted: 2024-01-11T19:30:15Z
Keywords: 18th century; 19th century; =CL; Antonio Gramsci; Canada; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); Catholic Church; Catholique; Eglise; Etat; Joseph-Octave Plessis; Marxism; Marxisme; Pierre Denaut; Pouvoir; Power; Québec; Religion; Revolutions; Révolutions; State; XIXe siècle; XVIIIe siècle

La réduction et la chute des voyelles gallo-romanes : fonctionnements synchroniques et diachroniques des chartes mérovingiennes (VIIe-VIIIe s.) - Zuk, Fabian (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Recent scholarship has demonstrated that written Latin of the Merovingian period was read and spoken in such a way as to be understood by the illiterate population and among medievalists it is now communis opinio that the documents of 7th and 8th century Gaul, reflect a formal register of the spoken language. This is particularly consequential for the study of vowel apocope and syncope whereby most unstressed vowels in Classical Latin have disappeared in Old French, either described as direct loss of the vowel (V → ∅) or with a prior reduction to schwa (V → ə → ∅). Despite this paradigm shift, as well as renewed introspection by historical linguists, Merovingian Latin is still omitted from most grammars which describe the evolution of the Latin vowel system to that of Old French. This thesis thus seeks to provide the philological evidence and theoretical pieces necessary to emancipate diachronic phonology from the long shadow of dogmatically acquired tradition, thanks in large part to improved editions, access to digitized manuscripts and great leaps in our understanding of the human language faculty which were unavailable to the founders of our discipline. To address these issues, we have selected a corpus of 48 original charters preserved primarily at Saint Denis north of Paris, dating from the 7th to the early 8th century. Adopting a positivistic philological approach to the data, we first describe the distribution of vowels according to a straightforward method of statistically analysing the type and frequency of vowel variation in recurring lexemes according to stressed and unstressed syllables as well as according to position (initial, final, internal, etc.) within the word. The Merovingian data was then analysed within the phonological frameworks of strict CV and element theory, demonstrating among other processes that vowel reduction was an active part of the synchronic phonology. We conclude that vowel loss in Gallo-Romance proceeded first along a path of contrast-neutralising vowel reduction, which then fed total vowel loss in a typologically regular direction of sound change similar to what can be observed in modern Portuguese or lexicalised in Francoprovençal. Significantly, and counter to all previous account of the diachronic loss of vowels in Proto-French, we argue that there is no evidence in favour of a reduction to schwa in the seventh or eight centuries. Instead, we find a three-way contrast between a front vowel, a back vowel, and a central vowel even in the most reduced unsyncopated syllables. Our conclusions have important consequences for the internal and external history of the French language. On the one hand, so long as final case-bearing vowels were distinguished, Gallo-Romance, despite all its idiosyncrasies and innovations remained an active member of the common Romance diasystem; it likewise retained a generally transparent relation with the written code. On the other hand, Gallo-Romance, like other regional Romance languages, simply remained a rustic variety of a single Latin language, with the “transition” from Latin to Old French occurring in the post-Merovingian period. Merovingian Latin presents itself as the key linguistic hinge needed to understand this transition.
Accepted: 2024-01-10T17:11:02Z
Keywords: =CL; Apocope; History of the French Language; Language Typology; Late Latin; Linguistics / Linguistique (UMI : 0290); Phonological Theory; Vowel Reduction; apocope; diachronie du français; latin tardif; phonétique historique; réduction vocalique; théorie phonologique; typologie des langues

Lire et jouer en Allemagne nazie : la culture jeunesse en tant que véhicule de propagande sous le Troisième Reich - Thibault, Laura-Marie (Université de Montréal, 2023)
This thesis studies how culture propagated by the Nazi regime during the Second World War influenced young Germans and contributed to their acceptance of National Socialist values. It asks: How did youth culture act as a vehicle of propaganda under the Third Reich and what impact did it have on German youth? By focusing on the hitherto under researched areas of children’s literature, toys and games, my research helps us to better understand the nature of Nazi propaganda, in particular the importance of informal education. Through play and reading young Germans were indoctrinated in Nazi ideology about the quest for a so-called pure race, conquest and expansion in East and West Europe, and anti-Semitism. These cultural activities led to an immersive emotional experience for young Germans which aroused their enthusiasm for contributing to and benefiting from a world ruled by Nazism. The entertaining nature of this cultural propaganda turned the violence and exclusion intrinsic to the National Socialist vision of the world into euphemisms, by trivializing their seriousness. This phenomenon helps us to understand why, even after the war, Germans persisted in seeing their youth under the Nazi regime as a relatively positive experience. The cultural aspect of the indoctrination of German youth is an underexplored dynamic of German history that I explore in this thesis.
Accepted: 2024-01-25T19:52:53Z
Keywords: =CL; Allemagne nazie; European history / Histoire de l’Europe (UMI : 0335); National Socialism (Nazism); Nazi Germany; Second World War; Seconde Guerre mondiale; board games; childhood; culture jeunesse; endoctrinement; enfance; indoctrination; jeunesse; jeux de société; jouet; littérature jeunesse; national-socialisme (nazisme); propaganda; propagande; toy; youth; youth culture; youth's literature

L'Afrique occidentale française entre le franc CFA et le projet de développement économique et social depuis 1960 - Abalo, Komi (Université de Montréal, 2024)
This thesis is part of the contemporary history of French-speaking West Africa. Its anchor point is the theme of the CFA franc (Franc of the French community of Africa for West Africa, and Franc of the French cooperation of Africa for Central Africa) and the economic and social development project since 1960. The research is based on a multidisciplinary approach. It analyses the trade and economic policy issues that are constantly being debated at international level. The research focuses on the role of money in international relations: the case of the CFA franc between France and its former colonies in sub-Saharan Africa. For a country, independence means, above all, political, economic and social sovereignty. The CFA franc is a highly topical issue, and one that fascinates many people. In the 21st century, the CFA franc remains the only colonial currency still used by fourteen countries, twelve of which are former French colonies. These are Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Congo, Gabon, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. Equatorial Guinea (Spanish-speaking) and Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese-speaking) joined these French-speaking countries in 1984 and 1997 respectively. Faced with the development challenges of today's world, the countries that use the CFA franc are among the bottom of the class. Apart from the high rate of impoverishment, the populations of these countries are subject to the scourges of insecurity (in the Sahel and the Gulf of Guinea, for example) and emigration. Our approach has enabled us to gain a better understanding of how this currency works and its impact on the daily lives of its users.
Accepted: 2024-03-19T13:04:12Z
Keywords: =CL; Africa; African studies / Études africaines (UMI : 0293); Afrique; CFA Franc; Development; Développement; Economy; Franc CFA; France; Politics; Politique; Social; Économie

«The Gospel is more than mere propositions» : genèse et développement de la coalition œcuménique Project North, 1975-1987 - Csuzdi-Vallée, Antoine (Université de Montréal, 2024)
Project North (PN) est une coalition œcuménique active de 1975 à 1987. À son apogée, elle est composée de 12 Églises chrétiennes. Formée dans la lignée d’un renouveau théologique et œcuménique, PN est un acteur central dans le Canada des années 1970 et 1980. Jamais explorée extensivement dans l’historiographie, PN s’inscrit à la jonction de quatre champs d’études : l’histoire du Nord, l’histoire autochtone, l’histoire religieuse et l’histoire des ressources naturelles. Au fil de son histoire, PN collabore avec plus d’une vingtaine d’organisations autochtones locales, régionales et nationales sur une multitude d’enjeux marquants de l’époque. En entretenant des liens de confiance avec celles-ci, PN contribue à la transmission et à la diffusion de leurs revendications à un large auditoire. Son rôle dans l’évolution d’enjeux nordiques a été essentiel et ne peut pas être mis en veilleuse, tout particulièrement dans le cadre de la Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois, de la Commission Berger et de la Northern Native Rights Campaign. L’étude détaillée de son histoire administrative montre toutefois que PN agit selon une optique de nordicité religieuse, c’est-à-dire une vision chrétienne du Nord influencée par une théologie structurée et complexe. Le Nord de PN est un Nord chrétien, vierge de péchés sociaux et de vastes projets de développement de ressources naturelles. Ceci l’amène à entretenir des relations indifférentes, voire hostiles, avec certaines organisations autochtones dont les finalités souhaitées divergent de celles de la coalition.
Accepted: 2024-03-22T18:35:43Z
Keywords: 20e siècle; 20th century; =CL; Activisme autochtone; Canada; Canadian history / Histoire du Canada (UMI : 0334); Coalition œcuménique; Ecumenical coalition; First Nations; Indigenous activism; Inuit; Liberation theology; Natural resources; Nordicity; Nordicité; Premières Nations; Project North; Ressources naturelles; Théologie de la libération

Sur les rives du Nil : les transformations dans l'agriculture soudanaise durant la colonisation égyptienne de 1821 à 1881 - Beauchamp, Gabriel (Université de Montréal, 2024)
This thesis explores the impacts of Egyptian colonialism on the Sudanese agrarian society following the 1821 conquest of the Funj Sultanate until the beginning of the Mahdist Revolution in 1881. This research goes against the Western conventional historiographical consensus affirming that the agricultural sector in Sudan suffered a long and painful decline during the whole Egyptian colonial occupation. In fact, it is the complete opposite: after the 1844 Egyptian failure to impose their plantation system, the local Sudanese elites composed of former Funj aristocrats, traders and nomadic lords, are going to reappropriate this agrarian structure for their own ends. We are, in fact, witnessing the resurgence of Sudanese agriculture under a new hybrid system. This agrarian revival is going to have major consequences on the regions of Gezira and oriental Sudan and also on all the strata of the population. It will lead to an exponential rise in the use of agricultural slavery, the collapse of the free peasant and nomad, the building of a new network of cities and the decline of the environment. During that period, the Egyptian colonial government, confined to its garrison-cities, will limit its interaction with the rural world by inefficiently trying to extract the maximum of riches with the use of violence.
Accepted: 2024-03-22T18:25:17Z
Keywords: 19th century; =CL; African studies / Études africaines (UMI : 0293); Egypt; Soudan; Sudan; XIXe siècle; agriculture; colonialism; colonialisme; esclavagisme; nomadism; nomadisme; paysannerie; peasantry; slavery; Égypte

Insubordination, criminalité et cohésion militaire. Le cas du 41e bataillon (canadien-français) du Corps expéditionnaire canadien, 1914-1916 - Mailloux, Alex (Université de Montréal, 2024)
Authorized on December 31, 1914, the 41st Battalion (French-Canadian) of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was destined to follow in the footsteps of the renowned 22nd Battalion and fight on the western front. However, only seven months after its formation, this multiethnic unit made up of French-Canadian and foreign volunteers was disbanded due to a wave of insubordination that included a record number of infractions, desertions by the hundreds, several corruption scandals, widespread drunkenness and the cold- blooded murder of two Canadian servicemen. Long forgotten, the case of the 41st Battalion was examined for the first time in 1974 by historian Desmond Morton, who attributed the unit’s failure to the shortcomings of its officers. We find this interpretation acceptable, albeit limited. While Morton convincingly demonstrated the incompetence of the Battalion’s officers, his traditional approach to military history fails to unveil the mechanisms by which indiscipline was allowed to spread among the rank and file. This thesis, grounded in the micro-historical approach, shifts the analysis from a top-down to a bottom-up perspective, emphasizing the social, cultural and circumstantial factors which played into the unit’s collapse. Drawing from unpublished sources including court-martial reports and personnel record files of the 41st Battalion, this study reveals a widespread lack of cohesion within the unit. In the strange case of the 41st Battalion, discipline thus depends not only on the individual qualities of the officers, but also on the quality of interpersonal relationships among the rank and file.
Accepted: 2024-02-23T19:36:34Z
Keywords: 41e bataillon; 41st Battalion; =CL; Canada français; Canadian Expeditionary Force; Corps expéditionnaire canadien; First World War; French Canada; Military cohesion; Military culture; Military history / Histoire militaire (UMI : 0722); Multiethnicity; Première Guerre mondiale; Regimental identity; cohésion militaire; culture militaire; discipline; identité régimentaire; insubordination; multiculturalisme

Autour des Rogations : création, pratiques et communautés (Ve-VIe siècles) - Couture, Béatrice (Université de Montréal, 2024)
This study delves into the history of the Rogation feast, examining its origin, evolution and role in the creation of community identity in 5th and 6th century Gaul. Adopting a cross-approach between history and anthropology highlights the importance of this ritual for the communities of the period and the narrative surrounding it, as orchestrated by the bishops of Gaul and by various actors. By examining the corpus of sources relating to the first Rogations at this period, we discover how this feast served as an apotropaic ritual and collective penance to cope with various difficulties, such as epidemics and droughts, first in the Rhone valley and then throughout Gaul. Thus, the narrative surrounding this festival and how it fostered community adhesion are at the heart of this study. Broader questions, such as the development of collective practices including fasts, prayers and processions, and the way in which the Rogation narrative connected with biblical origins and became rooted in the episcopal sphere, are also put forward. These observations lead us to conclude that this festive ritual, as a testing ground for all social classes, served as a vehicle for creating stronger, more enduring communities. Indeed, it forged a sense of belonging through shared practices and experiences, resulting in the creation of a conventus and an ecclesiological consensus. Nevertheless, this vision is primarily that of the bishops, and as this study is also concerned with individual and community experiences, therefore we also analyze the feast as a space for negotiation and conflict. In short, this research sheds light on how this ritual went beyond its initial role to become an essential element of Gaul’s cultic landscape. It offers a fascinating insight into how Rogations shaped community identity and served as a catalyst for social cohesion in a crucial period of Christian history in Gaul.
Accepted: 2024-02-23T19:35:13Z
Keywords: =CL; Burgundian Kingdoms; City; Cité; Communautés; Communities; Culture festive; Early Middle Ages; European studies / Études européennes (UMI : 0440); Festivities; Gaul; Gaule; Haut Moyen Âge; Merovingian Kingdoms; Rogations; Royaume burgonde; Royaume mérovingien

Templiers et hospitaliers au Moyen-Âge : des frères d'armes - Buffet, Rodrigue (Université de Montréal, 2023)
The Council of Troyes, wich opened on January 13, 1129, confirms an initiative born in the East nine years earlier. Knights had then expressed the will to live in a religious way, by making the triple monastic vow of poverty, chastity and obedience, while continuing to practice the profession of arms in order to protect pilgrims on the roads of the Holy Land. Recognized by the papacy in Troyes and endowed with a rule, the « Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon » became the first military order in history. The Order of the Hospital, which already existed in Jerusalem and whose missions was to care for the poor sick, gradually became militarized in the middle of the 12th century, drawing inspiration from the example of the Temple. Templars and Hospitallers subsequently inspired all other military orders. A historiographical tradition of the Crusades has long maintained the idea of two enemy orders whose conflicts caused the loss of the Latin States of the East. The study of two centuries of common coexistence between Templars and Hospitallers in the Holy Land allows us to bury this image and see how much these military orders influenced each other. It aslo helps to restore the truth about the relationship between the brothers of the two orders. At the frontiers of comparative history, this study follows the chronological framework of the masters of the Temple and the Hospital, making it possible to highlight the importance of the decisions of these men. Thematic studies on the organization of these two orders, their structures, their rules, the images that they transmit and their role in some great events of the Latin States of the East make it possible to understand the links wich united them, as well as the how they influenced each other. We have too often noted their political rivalry, in a kingdom of Jerusalem where the absence of a strong royal power quickly gave them complete freedom. In the same way, we have too often forgotten the price that Templars and Hospitallers paid together on the battlefields of the Holy Land, behaving like what they were : brothers in arms.
Accepted: 2023-04-27T20:01:18Z
Keywords: =CL; Chevaliers; Croisades; Crusades; Holy land; Hospitaliers; Hospitallers; Knights; Medieval history / Histoire médiévale (UMI : 0581); Military orders; Ordres militaires; Religieux; Religious; Templars; Templiers; Terre sainte

Critique d’une société au contact de l’étranger : dérive colonialiste, ultra-capitalisme et leçon écologique dans le premier cycle d’Aquablue - Buffet, Rodrigue (La représentation de l’étranger(ère) dans la bande dessinée, 2023)
hal-04494278
Keywords: =CL

La prise de l’habit chez les Templiers : transformations intérieures et extérieures - Buffet, Rodrigue (Questes, 2023)
Keywords: =CL