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The circumstances in which everyday life takes place shapes people’s capacity to lead healthy lives. We posit that the traditional linear way of thinking about causes and consequences limits our ability to fully capture the complexity of the interaction between people and their contextual circumstances in the production of health. We view critical realism as particularly helpful in understanding how problems are generated by this interaction as well as understanding the fit and responsiveness of our interventions to situational contexts. Such a perspective requires systematically attempting to “unpack” how different settings are shaped by health promotion interventions and how this is experienced by people. Accessing and mobilising such knowledge also requires particular sets of methods that deviate from what is still often seen as the gold standard for designing and evaluating interventions. Critical realism therefore shifts the primary focus of health promotion research from questions about “if” interventions work to questions about “how”, “why” and “under what circumstances” they can work. By helping to capture complexity in health promotion intervention research, a critical realist perspective leads to the production of rigorous knowledge without having to succumb to concerns about standardisation.
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Pour cette édition, Raccords dédie un espace de réflexion et d’échange à l’impact systémique, un objectif central à la démarche d’innovation sociale.
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Les innovatrices et innovateurs sociaux, les évaluatrices et évaluateurs ainsi que les agent-e-s de changement sont de plus en plus appelés à transformer des systèmes complexes. Toutefois, ces actrices et acteurs ont souvent de la difficulté à décrire ces systèmes ou encore les retombées qu’ils espèrent générer. Cet article explique comment évaluer les changements systémiques, en plus de décrire trois catégories de résultats que les innovatrices et innovateurs sociaux ainsi que les évaluatrices et évaluateurs devraient considérer comme essentiels à leur travail.
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This book is about the many ways in which people are creating new and more effective answers to the biggest challenges of our times: how to cut our carbon footprint; how to keep people healthy; how to end poverty. It describes the methods and tools for innovation being used across the world and across the different sectors – the public and private sectors, civil society and the household – and in the overlapping fields of the social economy, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise. It draws on inputs from hundreds of organisations around the world to document the many methods currently being used. In other fields, methods for innovation are well-understood. In medicine, science, and business, there are widely accepted ideas, tools and approaches. But despite the richness and vitality of social innovation, there is little comparable in the social field. Most people trying to innovate are aware of only a fraction of the methods they could be using. This book provides a first mapping of these methods and of the conditions that will enable social innovation to flourish.
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The number of theories of innovation systems has grown considerably over the past two decades and several innovation system approaches have been developed. The focus of most has been on the development of technological innovations which create economic value. However, addressing macro-level societal problems – sociotechnical and environmental challengesin which the production, dissemination and use of social and technical knowledge and technology can potentially resolve the problem – has been overlooked. The present study argues that in order to resolve such problems, a combination of technical innovations (covering the technological aspects of the problem) and social innovations (covering the social aspects of the problem) are required.Instead of focusing on the development of a particular technology or industry, an innovation system must focus on solving problems; it must utilize technical innovations alongside economic and social innovations to do so. To this end, the present study highlights the need for a framework for the analysis of macro-level societal problems by reviewing innovation systems literature and proposes a new approach named "Problem-oriented innovation systems". We conceptualize this approach based on event history analysis and through case study of the US air pollution problem and the way it was successfully resolved by using technical and social innovations.The results show that a problem-oriented innovation system has eight functions: System monitoring and guidance, technical and social knowledge creation, technical and social entrepreneurship, knowledge dissemination, collaboration and synergy, public awareness, standardization and resource mobilization. Finally, a framework for analyzing the innovation process is proposed to solve the macro-level societal problem. This approach can be used to solve global problems such as global warming and climate change which ask for collaboration among different countries.
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