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Si la Grèce ancienne semble ne jamais s’être adonnée à la pratique d'immolations humaines, elle nous a légué une quantité paradoxalement élevée de mythes de sacrifice humain, rattachés à un nombre d'institutions socio-religieuses, qui vont des boucs émissaires aux usages de la guerre et aux cultes de presque toutes les divinités, locaux ou panhelléniques. Ce paradoxe peut être résolu en dépassant l’idée d’un progrès moral conduisant à l’abolition progressive de la barbarie des temps premiers, pour considérer le rôle tenu par le concept de sacrifice humain dans la société grecque : symbole de mort dans les rituels initiatiques et de renversement dans les cérémonies d’inversion, ce concept est d'abord une exagération mythique qui en fait la contre-valeur par excellence du système normatif hellénique. En ce sens, il joue dans la vie quotidienne des Grecs un rôle aussi important que peu soupçonné. À la fin du Ve siècle, il deviendra, dans la mentalité grecque gagnée aux valeurs patriotiques, l’illustration de l’abnégation idéale en faveur de la polis.
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Complément à l'ouvrage de D. D. Hughes noté APh LXIII N° 14194. Critique des arguments archéologiques fondés notamment sur l'analyse des sites crétois d'Anemospilia et de Cnossos, et visant à établir l'existence de sacrifices humains entre le minoen moyen et le cypro-archaïque.
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Xénophon (Const. de Sparte, 2, 9) et Pausanias (3, 16, 9-10) divergent, entre autres auteurs, sur la nature et de l'origine du culte spartiate d'Artémis-Orthia. Xénophon le décrit comme un rite d'initiation dans lequel le fouet est utilisé par un groupe d'éphèbes en vue d'en dissuader un autre de voler des fromages placés sur un autel ; Pausanias néglige l'aspect agonique et insiste sur le caractère sanglant d'une fustigation qui devient un concours d'endurance perçu comme l'héritier du sacrifice humain. Cette construction tardive témoigne d'un culte en perte de vitesse et en quête de sens.
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Classification des oracles sur les plans mantique et chronologique. Les oracles des héros : Trophonios, Amphiaraos et Héraclès. Les oracles d'Apollon. Un oracle de Poséidon à Onchestos et d'Ammon à Thèbes. Les oracles des Nymphes et de Tirésias. Interprétations.
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Analyse des importations grecques, notamment de leur répartition géographique et quantitative.
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The roof tiles and covering joints of Laconian type discovered in an ancient workshop at Thasos between 1985 and 1988 can most likely be dated between the last quarter of the 6th cent. B.C. and the first quarter of the 5th cent. The presence of vase fragments at the site raises the possibility that both tiles and vases were produced in the same shop -- an apparent rarity for this period.
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An article from Études d'histoire religieuse, on Érudit.
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Using yarn prices and output as proxies for wages and employment, this paper asks how cotton spinning firms in the heyday of industrialization responded to demand shocks. The evidence is consistent with a two-sector efficiency wage model composed of large and small firms. Large firms incurred monitoring costs on their new technology. To eliminate shirking, they paid efficiency wages and laid off workers when faced by a reduction in demand. In small firms technical change was slower, and since monitoring was not a problem, they cut wages. Over the period, the number of small firms declined and layoffs increased.
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Using the record books of M'Connel and Kennedy, a leading cotton-spinning firm in Manchester, this article traces the development of managerial strategies to elicit effort from workers during the Industrial Revolution. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the firm had difficulty in extracting effort from its workers, who were unwilling to increase output without capturing some of the gains through wage adjustments. Since spinners controlled the work organization, M'Connel and Kennedy had to accommodate workers' demands for stable piece rates, which were codified in the Manchester list of prices of 1829.
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The first generation of enterprises during the industrial revolution had made sizeable investments in new machinery and plant, and to amortise these fixed costs it is widely believed that firms worked long hours, regardless of the state of trade. A detailed study of Lancashire textile firms in 1841 shows this picture to be inaccurate. Short-time working was a common response of firms, especially large ones, during cyclical downturns in the nineteenth century. Firms used collective output cuts as a means to protect the wage lists they had negotiated with workers. The lists also promoted and preserved the regional basis of the industry. As for workers, they saw short-time as a means to protect their jobs and the standard relation between effort and pay. Enforced by sanctions on firms that broke output agreements, short-time evolved into a rule of thumb in the Lancashire textile industry.
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Le partage de l'emploi, conditions et avantages, étudié à partir de l'exemple de Bell Canada et celui de Volkswagen en Allemagne.
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At the outset of the industrial revolution the Lancashire labour market was a model of thoroughgoing competition. Wages adjusted quickly and smoothly to changes in the demand for and supply of labour. Within two generations, however, workers and firms had retreated from the market. Instead of busting wages, firms paid fixed rates; instead of breaking ties on short notice, workers sought longer-term associations. Social norms - doing the right thing - protected and preserved the fresh labour market arrangements. This book explains the causes and effects of changes in the labour market in the context of developments in labour economics and fresh research in social and economic history.
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