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L’intégration des perspectives d’histoire environnementale en histoire des villes a contribué à renouveler le champ de l’histoire urbaine. À travers l’examen des travaux réalisés à partir des années 2000, l’article montre les apports de l’histoire environnementale à l’histoire urbaine, en particulier au Québec.
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Les archives judiciaires, notariales et paroissiales révèlent l’ampleur et la pérennité de l’esclavage infantile en Nouvelle-France. En témoignent les traces de vies d’enfants esclaves, en majorité autochtones, qui apparaissent constamment au fil des documents du xvie au xviiie siècle. Comment expliquer cet attrait quasi pédophile pour des esclaves âgés de moins de 12 ans ? À quoi les maîtres peuvent-ils bien employer des esclaves si jeunes ? Qui les « gère » au quotidien ? Quelles sont la place et les fonctions de ces jeunes asservis dans les familles esclavagistes ? Et enfin, comment cette violence répétée de l’asservissement des enfants a-t-elle été justifiée ? Par toutes ces questions qu’il soulève, ce véritable angle mort de la recherche qu’est l’esclavage infantile, éclaire d’une lumière crue, d’une part, les rapports de pouvoir à l’oeuvre dans la société coloniale et patriarcale, dont les fondements hiérarchiques sont irradiés par un faisceau de servitudes et, d’autre part, l’histoire socio-économique de la Nouvelle- France, sachant que, sous le Régime français, la majorité des foyers, qui aujourd’hui posséderait sa voiture, possédait au moins un ou une esclave.
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The historiography on the Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France (CNF) focuses primarily on its role in the colonization of New France. By examining its form, this article resituates the CNF in the larger history of European experimentations with the joint-stock company. The liquidation of the company’s debts in the 1630s and 1640s forced associates, directors, and jurists to articulate their understanding of who was liable for the enterprise’s financial health. Evaluating the legal and moral arguments of the parties concerned, this article argues that the complexity of the liability of associates and directors resulted from the intersection of the corporate, monarchical and commercial worlds.
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The moderating effects of World War I on wealth and income inequality varied with the belligerents. In Austria, the state embraced austerity measures to eliminate hyperinflation and respect commitments to the League of Nations. To fill the void, the Social Democratic Workers’ Party (sdap) turned to its political stronghold in Vienna to advance its agenda of social spending and progressive taxation—Red Vienna’s signature program. The use of an electoral-cycle model finds that the construction of new buildings increased the party’s share of votes in municipal elections. The program mobilized support of young families in search of affordable and quality housing, also attracting the endorsement of the middle classes and elites, despite the higher tax burden imposed on them. The physical attributes of the new buildings and related investments, such as in schools, hospitals, and city infrastructure, benefited the entire population of Vienna.
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This article examines the role of local, female propagandists utilized by the German army on the Eastern Front during WWII. Although the work they undertook aligned with postwar notions of collaboration, the propagandists’ experiences at the hands of the Wehrmacht, in a context of a violent war and repressive occupation, constitutes coerced labour in multiple forms. Regardless of the women’s motivations for working for the Wehrmacht, they entered a relationship of domination and dependence with the occupation force. While female propagandists numbered far fewer than their male counterparts, they held a particular importance for German high command who believed that their “feminine” traits, such as empathy and charm, helped the Wehrmacht influence and control the largely female civilian population. At the same time, their work on the frontlines encouraging Red Army soldiers to defect crossed traditional gender boundaries. In this task too, the women were valued for their gender with German authorities believing that Soviet soldiers, largely deprived of female contact, would be particularly receptive to the charm of a woman’s voice. Such coerced labor on behalf of the Wehrmacht rendered these women vulnerable not only to German violence, but also to Soviet accusations of collaboration and its associated reprisals.
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