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Recent scholarship has demonstrated that written Latin of the Merovingian period was read and spoken in such a way as to be understood by the illiterate population and among medievalists it is now communis opinio that the documents of 7th and 8th century Gaul, reflect a formal register of the spoken language. This is particularly consequential for the study of vowel apocope and syncope whereby most unstressed vowels in Classical Latin have disappeared in Old French, either described as direct loss of the vowel (V → ∅) or with a prior reduction to schwa (V → ə → ∅). Despite this paradigm shift, as well as renewed introspection by historical linguists, Merovingian Latin is still omitted from most grammars which describe the evolution of the Latin vowel system to that of Old French. This thesis thus seeks to provide the philological evidence and theoretical pieces necessary to emancipate diachronic phonology from the long shadow of dogmatically acquired tradition, thanks in large part to improved editions, access to digitized manuscripts and great leaps in our understanding of the human language faculty which were unavailable to the founders of our discipline. To address these issues, we have selected a corpus of 48 original charters preserved primarily at Saint Denis north of Paris, dating from the 7th to the early 8th century. Adopting a positivistic philological approach to the data, we first describe the distribution of vowels according to a straightforward method of statistically analysing the type and frequency of vowel variation in recurring lexemes according to stressed and unstressed syllables as well as according to position (initial, final, internal, etc.) within the word. The Merovingian data was then analysed within the phonological frameworks of strict CV and element theory, demonstrating among other processes that vowel reduction was an active part of the synchronic phonology. We conclude that vowel loss in Gallo-Romance proceeded first along a path of contrast-neutralising vowel reduction, which then fed total vowel loss in a typologically regular direction of sound change similar to what can be observed in modern Portuguese or lexicalised in Francoprovençal. Significantly, and counter to all previous account of the diachronic loss of vowels in Proto-French, we argue that there is no evidence in favour of a reduction to schwa in the seventh or eight centuries. Instead, we find a three-way contrast between a front vowel, a back vowel, and a central vowel even in the most reduced unsyncopated syllables. Our conclusions have important consequences for the internal and external history of the French language. On the one hand, so long as final case-bearing vowels were distinguished, Gallo-Romance, despite all its idiosyncrasies and innovations remained an active member of the common Romance diasystem; it likewise retained a generally transparent relation with the written code. On the other hand, Gallo-Romance, like other regional Romance languages, simply remained a rustic variety of a single Latin language, with the “transition” from Latin to Old French occurring in the post-Merovingian period. Merovingian Latin presents itself as the key linguistic hinge needed to understand this transition.

This thesis studies how culture propagated by the Nazi regime during the Second World War influenced young Germans and contributed to their acceptance of National Socialist values. It asks: How did youth culture act as a vehicle of propaganda under the Third Reich and what impact did it have on German youth? By focusing on the hitherto under researched areas of children’s literature, toys and games, my research helps us to better understand the nature of Nazi propaganda, in particular the importance of informal education. Through play and reading young Germans were indoctrinated in Nazi ideology about the quest for a so-called pure race, conquest and expansion in East and West Europe, and anti-Semitism. These cultural activities led to an immersive emotional experience for young Germans which aroused their enthusiasm for contributing to and benefiting from a world ruled by Nazism. The entertaining nature of this cultural propaganda turned the violence and exclusion intrinsic to the National Socialist vision of the world into euphemisms, by trivializing their seriousness. This phenomenon helps us to understand why, even after the war, Germans persisted in seeing their youth under the Nazi regime as a relatively positive experience. The cultural aspect of the indoctrination of German youth is an underexplored dynamic of German history that I explore in this thesis.

The Council of Troyes, wich opened on January 13, 1129, confirms an initiative born in the East nine years earlier. Knights had then expressed the will to live in a religious way, by making the triple monastic vow of poverty, chastity and obedience, while continuing to practice the profession of arms in order to protect pilgrims on the roads of the Holy Land. Recognized by the papacy in Troyes and endowed with a rule, the « Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon » became the first military order in history. The Order of the Hospital, which already existed in Jerusalem and whose missions was to care for the poor sick, gradually became militarized in the middle of the 12th century, drawing inspiration from the example of the Temple. Templars and Hospitallers subsequently inspired all other military orders. A historiographical tradition of the Crusades has long maintained the idea of two enemy orders whose conflicts caused the loss of the Latin States of the East. The study of two centuries of common coexistence between Templars and Hospitallers in the Holy Land allows us to bury this image and see how much these military orders influenced each other. It aslo helps to restore the truth about the relationship between the brothers of the two orders. At the frontiers of comparative history, this study follows the chronological framework of the masters of the Temple and the Hospital, making it possible to highlight the importance of the decisions of these men. Thematic studies on the organization of these two orders, their structures, their rules, the images that they transmit and their role in some great events of the Latin States of the East make it possible to understand the links wich united them, as well as the how they influenced each other. We have too often noted their political rivalry, in a kingdom of Jerusalem where the absence of a strong royal power quickly gave them complete freedom. In the same way, we have too often forgotten the price that Templars and Hospitallers paid together on the battlefields of the Holy Land, behaving like what they were : brothers in arms.

This thesis studies the opposition of the Italian Communist Party (ICP) and the French Communist Party (FCP) to the Atlantic bloc, from the beginning of the Cold War until the entry of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) into NATO. The approach chosen is to integrate the 'national' and 'international' spheres, in order to avoid framing the analysis solely in terms of Cold War opposition. The comprehension of the oppositional strategies of two parties to the Atlantic bloc is very important, as the PCF and the PCI were the two largest communist parties in Western Europe at the time, and favorable to the French and Italian constitutions after World War II. Considering the interaction between national issues and international pressures, the dissertation draws a portrait of the evolution of the CPF/CPI in their opposition to the Atlantic bloc, highlighting similarities and differences. The thesis relies on several primary sources, such as official documents of the two parties and Italian, French, Russian and American diplomatic and ministerial documents, to explain the evolution of the two parties. While the starting conditions, with the exclusion from the national governments of both parties and the increased pressure from the US and the Soviet Union were similar, the long-term development of strategies was different. In general, the PCF was more "dogmatic", in relation to the Atlantic bloc. Consequently, the tendency of the French communists was to focus more on the international situation than on national issues, with a reversal of this tendency only in the mid-1950s, during the campaign against the EDC. For their part, the Italian communists were able, from the start and notwithstanding international pressures, to develop a more balanced opposition taking into account national issues and the international situation. As a result, the PCI's strategy was more effective, as it repeatedly challenged the Italian government on its Atlantic choice.

Le 7 novembre 2017, le premier ministre du Canada, Justin Trudeau, présente des excuses officielles pour les réfugiés juifs qui avaient été refusés au Canada quelques mois avant le début de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Cet article, rédigé par l’historienne Rosalie Racine, revient sur la situation canadienne juive particulière, et le rôle de l’antisémitisme, dans un contexte de la montée du nazisme et durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.

«La représentation qui imprègne encore la mémoire collective des Québécois voulant que l'histoire du Québec d'avant la Révolution tranquille se soit déroulée en mode survivance sous le signe du conservatisme clérical est tenace. Le Québec accuserait ainsi un retard sur les autres sociétés industrielles depuis le XIXe siècle, ce qui expliquerait l'infériorité et l'impuissance des francophones jusqu'à leur réveil brutal en 1960. Cette construction de l'histoire du Canada français est portée par des sociologues, historiens et intellectuels dans les années 1950 et 1960. En se montrant réfractaire depuis longtemps au progrès et à la modernité, le Canada français serait un bon exemple de folk society. La gouvernance de l'Union nationale sous Maurice Duplessis serait l'incarnation de ce conservatisme politique et social. Dans les années 1970 et 1980, cette représentation du passé a été remis en question par de nombreux historiens qui réfute l'image d'un Québec francophone monolithique baignant dans le conservatisme clérical. Cet éclairage est loin de faire l'unanimité chez les historiens. L'insistance à dévaluer sans ménagement l'histoire du Québec affecte la psychologie collective des francophones alors que les sociétés avoisinantes portent fièrement leur passé. Comme l'histoire est l'un des fondements de l'identité collective, la propension à discréditer son passé se traduit par un manque de fierté et d'assurance collective.»-- Fourni par l'éditeur.

We know that the settler societies known as Quebec and Canada were imperialist during the "new imperialism" era, but do we really know the process through which they became imperialist? During this period, schools provided the geographic knowledge and emotional place-attachment necessary for the consolidation of settler-colonialism. At the same time, youth imagined their future life in an interconnected world geography that they believed belonged to them. My article aims to understand how geographical knowledge—imperial, missionary, and literary—was transmitted to young people through the school system and how they integrated and appropriated this geographical imagination.

An intractable domestic conflict between forces on the right and the left roiled the Second Spanish Republic. We claim that international trade shocks exacerbated political instability. Leveraging an exposure design and disaggregated trade and employment data, we study the effects of import and export exposure on vote shares of parties and coalitions in the Republic's three elections, 1931, 1933, and 1936. An increase in import exposure had a modest effect on election outcomes. The primary vector of change was the disruption in export markets caused by the world depression and discriminatory trade practices, most importantly the United Kingdom's adoption of imperial preference. Trade dislocation harmed the left and benefitted the right. If trade had remained at 1928 levels, our projections show that the Popular Front would have gained a clear and comfortable majority in the decisive 1936 election.

In a fundamental essay published in 1991 on the significance of religious women’s communities in early and high medieval Saxony, the late Michel Parisse called for a comparative perspective on the political, social and religious conditions of the conspicuous density of women's communities in Saxony. In doing so, he referred to his home region of Lorraine, for which he – amongst others – used the term Lotharingia to describe its early medieval reality. In terms of sheer numbers, Lotharingia is indeed closest to the Saxon situation, but chronologically its monasteries also refer back to earlier times. Examples of this are the Merovingian foundations of Remiremont in the Vosges and Sainte-Glossinde and Saint-Pierreaux- Nonnains in the Carolingian lieu de mémoire Metz. Women's monasteries like these combined stabilising power in the Carolingian core lands with supra-regional influence within the framework of the Frankish regnum and imperium. For areas such as Saxony, which were integrated comparatively late into the Frankish sphere of influence, the politico-religious structures of the ancient parts of the Frankish realm provided a framework of tradition and reference far into the post-Carolingian period. In this contribution – not least as an expression of gratitude to one of my academic teachers – I would like to take up Parisse's observations. I do not aim at a similarly broad investigation, especially since a comparative approach in a broad thematic perspective would go beyond the scope of the contribution as well as of this volume, even though recent studies on women's religious communities in Saxony and Lorraine invite us to do so. The focus is rather on a partial aspect: the textual and ideological relations between liturgy and hagiography in the tenth and early eleventh centuries. Such an approach is complementary to studies in which the importance of relics and hagiographical texts as vectors of communication, the transfer of ideas and the spatial integration of new secular and ecclesiastical structures of power were elaborated – again primarily for the Carolingian period. Following on from these studies, the observations in this article concentrate on religious and monastic aspects of these genres and raise questions about the shared significance of liturgy and hagiography for the definition and mediation of traditional as well as new ascetic and monastic models of life in the tenth century. The debates which shaped these models are part of monastic and broader religious transformations traditionally labelled as the reform of the tenth and early eleventh century.

À partir des années 1840, la création des municipalités chargées de l’aménagement du territoire et de la voirie dans le Bas-Canada a ouvert un espace politique permettant aux habitants d’exprimer leurs préoccupations quotidiennes et locales. L’étude du colonialisme municipal offre un cadre d’analyse qui permet de recentrer notre compréhension des rapports historiques entre Québécois et Autochtones dans la seconde moitié du 19e siècle. À la fois espace politique et lieu de construction identitaire, la municipalité a permis aux habitants désirant s’approprier les ressources et les terres de leurs voisins autochtones de déguiser leur convoitise sous le voile du bien public et de l’intérêt national. Ce faisant, ils ont construit et véhiculé des représentations stéréotypées des Autochtones comme des individus « sauvages », nomades, antimoderne, et par nature inadaptés à la vie « civilisée » des villes et des villages de la province.

Exposing the history of racism in Canada’s classrooms Winner of the prestigious Clio-Quebec, Lionel-Groulx, and Canadian History of Education Association awards In School of Racism, Catherine Larochelle demonstrates how Quebec’s school system has, from its inception and for decades, taught and endorsed colonial domination and racism. This English translation extends its crucial lesson to readers worldwide, bridging English- and French-Canadian histories to deliver a better understanding of Canada’s past and present identity. Guided by postcolonial, antiracist, and feminist theories and methodologies, Larochelle examines late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century classroom materials used in Quebec’s public and private schools. Many of these materials made their way into curricula across the country and contained textual and visual representations that constructed Indigenous, Black, Arab, and Asian peoples as “the Other” while reinforcing the collective identity of Quebec, and Canada more broadly, as white. School of Racism uncovers the ways Canada’s education system has supported and sustained ideologies of white supremacy—ideologies so deeply embedded that they still linger in school texts and programming today. Offering insights into how concepts of nationalism and racism overlap, Larochelle’s innovative analysis helps educators confront discrimination in their classrooms and furthers discussions about race and colonialism in Canada.

"Gender, Mediation and Popular Education in Venice, 1760-1830 examines how women with enough cultural capital could turn their identity as representatives of "the public" - those on the receiving end of education - to their advantage, producing knowledge under the guise of relaying it. Author Susan Dalton looks at the question of how elite women turned their reputation for ignorance into an opportunity to establish themselves as authors at the dawn of the nineteenth century in Venice. Many literary figures saw women as a group in need of education. By deploying essentialist understandings of femininity, whereby women possessed superior moral virtue but deficient rationality, these women entered the publishing world as cultural mediators, identified by contemporaries as key players in the social projects of public education and moral edification central to the European Enlightenment. Focussing on Isabella Teotochi Albrizzi and Giustina Renier Michiel, both renowned Venetian authors, the author introduces two well-known Italian women of letters to English-speaking scholars; re-evaluates the impact of their writing in Italy and raises questions about female authorship across Europe; broadens our conceptions of gender norms; and enriches our knowledge of a little-known period of women's writing in Italy. This volume is an essential resource for students and scholars alike interested in women's and gender history, early modern history and social and cultural history"--