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In the wake of the Ottoman Empire’s nineteenth-century reforms, as guilds waned and new professions emerged, the scholarly ‘estate’ underwent social differentiation. Some found employment in the state’s new institutions as translators, teachers and editors, whilst others resisted civil servant status. Gradually, the scholar morphed into the public writer. Despite his fledgling status, he catered for the public interest all the more so since new professionals such as doctors, engineers and lawyers endorsed this latest social role as an integral part of their own self-image. This dual preoccupation with self-definition and all things public is the central concern of this book. Focusing on the period after the tax-farming scholar took the bow and before the alienated intellectual prevailed on the contemporary Arab cultural scene, it situates the making of the Arab intellectual within the dysfunctional space of competing states’ interests known as the ‘Nahda’. Located between Empire and Colony, the emerging Arab public sphere was a space of over- and under-regulation, hindering accountability and upsetting allegiances. The communities that Arab intellectuals imagined, including the Pan-Islamic, Pan-Arab and socialist sat astride many a polity and never became contained by post-colonial states. Examining a range of canonical and less canonical authors, this interdisciplinary approach to The Making of the Modern Arab Intellectual will be of interest to students and scholars of the Middle East, history, political science, comparative literature and philosophy.
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This chapter examines the historical evolution of Taiwan’s tourist image in Japan as a gourmet paradise from the context of postcolonial encounters in the 1960s to global tourism in the twenty-first century. To examine the textual and visual representations of Taiwan’s image, this research includes sources from travel magazines, guidebooks, and special editions on tourism in women’s magazines. In the 1960s, Taiwan was depicted as the ‘Orient’ in Japanese travel magazines, whereas the presence of food was not significant but often appears together with nightclubs and hostesses. As Japan’s economy boomed in the 1970s, guidebooks with rich visual images of cuisines began to replace literal travelogues in the making of the image of Taiwan. As this form of representation persists, Taiwan’s image as ‘the gourmet paradise’ continues to dominate the tourist market and shape Japanese general image on Taiwan. Moreover, after Taiwan’s generous donation to Japan for the recovery of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, various travel media further embeds Taiwanese food with the trust and intimacy between the host and the guests. This ‘gustatory gaze’ toward food images in travel media can thus be considered as an embodiment of a more complex history of Japan’s exotic longings and intimacy toward Taiwan.
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Chapter 6 The Internationalization of Capital: The Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries was published in Empires and Autonomy on page 93.
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Cet article se propose d’expliquer les origines et l’évolution de l’association, à première vue contre-nature, entre un État se proclamant du marxisme et une société étrangère issue de l’ex-métropole. C’est dans un contexte politique et économique bien trouble qu’ELF-ERAP décide de relancer ses activités pétrolières au Congo. L’article essaie de repérer la stratégie adoptée par ELF-ERAP face à un interlocuteur exigeant qui tente d’appliquer les méthodes des pays de l’Est. Quoique tendue et instable, une coopération s’instaure entre ces deux partenaires qui ne semblent pas complémentaires.
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With the Depression eroding France’s foreign trade, government authorities felt compelled to convene an imperial conference in order to seek solutions based on the consolidation of economic ties with the Empire, Inspiration came partly from the conference held in Ottawa in 1932 by Great Britain and its Dominions. The aim of the Paris gathering was to promote increased exports to the colonies as a substitute to foreign markets lost during the downswing. Likewise, importers were encouraged to buy from the colonies, rather than from foreign countries, thereby raising the purchasing power of the colonial population and its ability to import French goods. Although the program to institute a coordinated imperial economy appeared logical in principle, its implementation was complicated by economic realities and the non-complementary character of the metropolitan and the colonial economies.
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Colonial banking in French North Africa - 1 - Banque de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie (1851–1963)
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Les archives judiciaires de la Nouvelle France révèlent une remarquable présence féminine de tous états et conditions, au civil comme au criminel. Ainsi, pour la seule juridiction royale de Montréal, entre 1693 et 1760, 1259 femmes différentes, mariées ou non, religieuses ou laïques, noires libres ou esclaves, amérindiennes libres ou panisses agissent de leur propre chef dans les 4338 dossiers qui impliquent des femmes (sur 6413 archivés). Elles sont autant sinon plus souvent demanderesses que victimes, témoins ou accusées. Particulièrement intéressante est la présence d’Amérindiennes, de captives anglaises et de Négresses esclaves ou libres, au côté des Françaises de toutes classes sociales. Toutes connaissent leurs droits, savent se défendre et font appel : elles connaissent les voies pour faire entendre leur voix devant la justice du roi.
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Cet article traite de l'engagement de la NAACP dans ses efforts anti-occupation américaine d'Haïti entre 1915 et 1922.
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À l’heure d’un intérêt de plus en plus marqué pour des approches intégratives de la santé et des soins, le présent article dissèque les ressorts de l’engouement pour les médecines dites alternatives et complémentaires dans une perspective historique. Il se penche en particulier sur les significations des concepts qui servent à désigner celles-ci depuis le XIXe<sup/> siècle et conteste une évolution linéaire, de leur exclusion franche à leur inclusion progressive. Par là même, l’analyse met en avant le poids d’une co-production signifiante entre biomédecine et « autres » systèmes médicaux dans la médicalisation des sociétés contemporaines, du continent nord-américain à l’Asie orientale.
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“Vaccine hesitancy” is a concept now frequently used in vaccination discourse. The increased popularity of this concept in both academic and public health circles is challenging previously held perspectives that individual vaccination attitudes and behaviours are a simple dichotomy of accept or reject. A consultation study was designed to assess the opinions of experts and health professionals concerning the definition, scope, and causes of vaccine hesitancy in Canada. We sent online surveys to two panels (1- vaccination experts and 2- front-line vaccine providers). Two questionnaires were completed by each panel, with data from the first questionnaire informing the development of questions for the second. Our participants defined vaccine hesitancy as an attitude (doubts, concerns) as well as a behaviour (refusing some / many vaccines, delaying vaccination). Our findings also indicate that both vaccine experts and front-line vaccine providers have the perception that vaccine rates have been declining and consider vaccine hesitancy an important issue to address in Canada. Diffusion of negative information online and lack of knowledge about vaccines were identified as the key causes of vaccine hesitancy by the participants. A common understanding of vaccine hesitancy among researchers, public health experts, policymakers and health care providers will better guide interventions that can more effectively address vaccine hesitancy within Canada.
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