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"This comprehensive volume details the variety of constitutions and types of governing bodies in the ancient Greek world. This book: Is a collection of original scholarship on ancient Greek governing structures and institutions ; Explores the multiple manifestations of state action throughout the Greek world ; Discusses the evolution of government from the Archaic Age to the Hellenistic period, ancient typologies of government, its various branches, principles and procedures and realms of governance ; Creates a unique synthesis on the spatial and memorial connotations of government by combining the latest institutional research with more recent trends in cultural scholarship."--Publisher's website

La double consultation d’un même oracle (privé ou public) est une tradition courante de la Grèce archaïque à l’époque romaine. Ce fait ne se laisse pas expliquer par une mise en cause de type rationalisante ou sophistique des oracles, ou par une césure entre piété populaire et piété publique : il s’agit toujours d’une demande de précision issue du fait que la première réponse semblait trop vague. L’analyse se fonde sur les exemples transmis par la littérature et l’épigraphie grecque (lG 7, 3055, etc.).

Human sacrifice is a bone of contention for historians. The concept is elusive: should we distinguish between the victim that is offered to specific gods (human sacrifice) and the one that is not (ritual murder)? This issue very often superimposes modern categories on ancient texts, in which such a distinction is never obvious. Would this distinction remain valid if human sacrifice belonged to representation rather than reality? Comparisons with other cultures remain particularly hazardous if the phenomenon has not been thoroughly studied for each of them.

Divination (Greek mantike, Latin divinatio) encompasses all forms of interrogating the gods. Contrary to general belief, its purpose is not merely to “know the future.” Confronted with any immediate choice entailing unknown repercussions, the consultant depends on divination in order to act effectively and be released from excessive anxiety, when too many hidden things remain inaccessible to his reason.

In his “Story of Demaratus”, Herodotus presents the Pythia as having been corrupted by king Cleomenes of Sparta in order to expose his colleague Demaratus as a bastard and therefore unable to rule. The episode has often been regarded as realistic, if not altogether factual. However, a thorough study of the passage shows that the corruption of the Pythia is only one link in a great narrative chain of corruption in which the protagonists are all ultimately punished. Moreover, Herodotus’ account proves that, despite being corrupted, the Pythia nonetheless tells the truth even if no one initially recognizes it as such. In the final analysis, then, the mendacious political speech of Cleomenes proves to be true in the historical account of Herodotus as it remains impossible to separate the corruption of the Pythia from the larger narrative; impossible too to indict Delphi with dishonesty.

The first part of this paper attempted to shed light on the context of the decree IG II2 204 (352/351 BC). In a tense atmosphere, the Athenians are arguing with the Megarans over a sacred land in Eleusis and, in order to know if this piece of land could be cultivated, consult the Pythia in a way that seems disrespectful of Delphi. The second part of this paper then proceeds to an exploration, very often ab absurdo, of the alleged political issues pertaining to this consultation (e. g. defiance against the Pythia and Delphi, protection of the Pythia in a tense situation, economic interests). Ultimately, Athens consulted Delphi only about a “religious” problem, demonstrating absolutely no concern about any potential impact on its relations with Megara and its powerful allies. The consultation thus has to be understood as arising from Attica’s internal preoccupations, rather than proof of the risk of a potential Delphic interference in the political affairs of Athens or any other Greek city.,La première partie de cette étude a tenté de définir le contexte du décret IG II2 204 (352/351 av. J.-C.), où Athènes, dans une atmosphère tendue, dispute aux Mégariens l’orgas d’Éleusis et, pour savoir si cette terre pourrait être cultivée afin d’en retirer des revenus sacrés, consulte la pythie en des termes qui semblent trahir une réelle défiance. Dans cette seconde partie, l’analyse, souvent par l’absurde, des soi-disant enjeux politiques de la consultation (défiance envers la pythie et Delphes, protection de la pythie dans un contexte tendu, intérêts économiques), démontre qu’Athènes ne consulte que pour la question “religieuse” de la mise en culture, sans nullement se soucier des conséquences potentielles de ses relations musclées avec Mégare et ses puissants alliés. Cette consultation doit donc être lue uniquement à la lumière de préoccupations internes à l’Attique, et non comme la preuve du risque d’ingérence delphique dans les affaires internationales d’Athènes ou des cités grecques en général.

Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission not only documented the political violence of the 1980s and 1990s but also gave Peruvians a unique opportunity to examine the causes and nature of that violence. In Art from a Fractured Past, scholars and artists expand on the commission's work, arguing for broadening the definition of the testimonial to include various forms of artistic production as documentary evidence. Their innovative focus on representation offers new and compelling perspectives on how Peruvians experienced those years and how they have attempted to come to terms with the memories and legacies of violence. Their findings about Peru offer insight into questions of art, memory, and truth that resonate throughout Latin America in the wake of "dirty wars" of the last half century. Exploring diverse works of art, including memorials, drawings, theater, film, songs, painted wooden retablos (three-dimensional boxes), and fiction, including an acclaimed graphic novel, the contributors show that art, not constrained by literal truth, can generate new opportunities for empathetic understanding and solidarity

Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission not only documented the political violence of the 1980s and 1990s but also gave Peruvians a unique opportunity to examine the causes and nature of that violence. In Art from a Fractured Past, scholars and artists expand on the commission's work, arguing for broadening the definition of the testimonial to include various forms of artistic production as documentary evidence. Their innovative focus on representation offers new and compelling perspectives on how Peruvians experienced those years and how they have attempted to come to terms with the memories and legacies of violence. Their findings about Peru offer insight into questions of art, memory, and truth that resonate throughout Latin America in the wake of "dirty wars" of the last half century. Exploring diverse works of art, including memorials, drawings, theater, film, songs, painted wooden retablos (three-dimensional boxes), and fiction, including an acclaimed graphic novel, the contributors show that art, not constrained by literal truth, can generate new opportunities for empathetic understanding and solidarity

Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission not only documented the political violence of the 1980s and 1990s but also gave Peruvians a unique opportunity to examine the causes and nature of that violence. In Art from a Fractured Past, scholars and artists expand on the commission's work, arguing for broadening the definition of the testimonial to include various forms of artistic production as documentary evidence. Their innovative focus on representation offers new and compelling perspectives on how Peruvians experienced those years and how they have attempted to come to terms with the memories and legacies of violence. Their findings about Peru offer insight into questions of art, memory, and truth that resonate throughout Latin America in the wake of "dirty wars" of the last half century. Exploring diverse works of art, including memorials, drawings, theater, film, songs, painted wooden retablos (three-dimensional boxes), and fiction, including an acclaimed graphic novel, the contributors show that art, not constrained by literal truth, can generate new opportunities for empathetic understanding and solidarity