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Abstract Colonial pharmacists bio-prospected, acclimatized, chemically screened, and tinkered with plants and their parts, hoping to create products to supply colonial public health care, metropolitan industries, and imperial markets. This article's approach is to examine the trajectories of expertise of two French colonial pharmacists, Franck Guichard and Joseph Kerharo, to illuminate the history of modern medicinal plant research. Both men studied medicinal plants as part of their colonial duties, yet their interests in indigenous therapies exceeded and outlived colonial projects. We take this “overflow” as our point of departure to explore how science transformed medicinal plant values in French colonial and postcolonial contexts. Our focus is on the relationship between value and space—on the processes of conceptual and material (de-/re-)localization through which plant value is calculated, intensified, and distributed. We study and compare these processes in French Indochina and French West Africa where Guichard and Kerharo, respectively, engaged in them most intensively. We show that their engagements with matter, value, knowledge, and mobility defy easy categorizations of medicinal plant science as either extractive or neo-traditionalist. By eschewing simple equations of scientists' motivations with political projects and knowledge-production, we argue that approaching plant medicine through trajectories of expertise opens up grounds for finer analyses of how colonial power and projects, and their legacies, shaped scientific activity.
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« La plupart de nos maux physiques sont encore notre ouvrage. Sans quitter votre sujet de Lisbonne, convenez, par exemple, que la nature n’avait point rassemblé là vingt mille maisons de six à sept étages, et que si les habitants de cette grande ville eussent été dispersés plus également, et plus légèrement logés, le dégât eût été beaucoup moindre, et peut-être nul. […] Vous auriez voulu, et qui ne l’eût pas voulu ! que le tremblement se fût fait au fond d’un désert plutôt qu’à Lisbonne. Peut...
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Key Messages Since the late 19th century, historians, geographers, and other scholars have conceived of the St. Lawrence River as a gateway that provided the basis for an east-west transcontinental nation. Although the Great Lakes initially were incorporated into the national histories of the United States and Canada, increasingly they came to represent boundary waters that transcended political borders. Environmental issues encouraged a few writers to think more about how the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence might be thought about together, as sharing waters and a history.
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De par son caractère exceptionnel, la catabase n’a jamais manqué de susciter l’intérêt mais, paradoxalement, tant le phénomène que le concept n’ont reçu qu’assez peu d’attention en eux-mêmes, à tel point qu’une simple définition de la catabase, dont la simplicité apparente a pourtant fait long feu, demeure périlleuse. Plus d’un siècle après la publication, en 1893, de l’ouvrage classique d’Albrecht Dieterich sur l’Apocalypse de Pierre et du commentaire d’Eduard Norden sur le livre VI de l’Éné...
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We pose a seemingly ageless question in economic history. To what extent did new entrants in the late nineteenth-century cotton-textile industry threaten the customary markets of the European core? Exploiting a newly constructed dataset on textile imports to Spain, we find that as trade costs fell, new rivals began to sell a greater variety of products. Along this dimension, competition can be said to have increased. In response, producers in Europe adjusted the type and number of goods exported. By 1914, specialization mapped onto endowments of skilled labour, capital, and access to raw materials. While firms in new industrializing countries exported low-end varieties, incumbents in the core shipped high-end goods, unit values increasing with levels of development.
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Cet article s’attarde au drame de la thalidomide qui a frappé le Canada en 1962. S’appuyant sur divers documents d’archives, y compris des lettres envoyées au ministre fédéral de la Santé par des citoyens et citoyennes, et sur la couverture de la tragédie par les médias, il cherche principalement à analyser les débats que la naissance des bébés phocomèles ont provoqués afin de mieux cerner la conception que les sociétés canadienne et québécoise se faisaient des personnes handicapées au début des années 1960. Inspirée de la grille de classification développée par la philosophe française Marie-Claire Cagnolo au sujet des « logiques » qui ont présidé au traitement de ces personnes à travers l’histoire, l’étude conclut qu’une « logique séparatiste d’élimination » s’est alors clairement manifestée, en même temps qu’une « logique paternaliste de réparation » se faisait jour, mais sans que n’apparaisse une « logique sociétale d’intégration » qui aurait exigé de considérer le sort de tous les enfants handicapés, et pas seulement des bébés thalidomidiens, comme ce fut le cas.
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The archaeological fieldwork conducted in Greece in 2014 under the aegis of the Canadian Institute in Greece is summarized here based on the presentation given by the Director at the Institute’s annual Open Meeting in Athens in May 2015.
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Abstract. Making Saints in Modern China offers a new perspective on the history of religion in modern and contemporary China by focusing on the profiles of reli
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Abstract. Making Saints in Modern China offers a new perspective on the history of religion in modern and contemporary China by focusing on the profiles of reli
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Li Yujie (1900–1994) was a walking contradiction: a student leader of the Shanghai May Fourth movement and a Guomindang member and technocrat in the Nanjing government, but also a cadre in Xiao Changming's redemptive society—the Heavenly Virtues Teachings—and eventually the founder of two redemptive societies in his own right (the Heaven and Man Teachings and the Heavenly Emperor Teachings). Through a biographical study of Li Yujie, this article examines the complex appeal of redemptive societies to parts of the educated elite during China's Republican period. The author focuses particularly on the period between 1937 and 1945, when Li retired to the sacred mountain of Huashan. There, with the help of Huang Zhenxia, a self-taught intellectual also employed by the Guomindang, Li sought to modernize the "White Lotus" teachings that he had received from his master by incorporating scientific insights received via spirit writing. Li believed that he was creating a new religion more adapted to the twentieth century. Both the texts produced on Huashan and the military and political elite that were attracted to these texts allow us to raise new questions about secularism and religion, traditional beliefs and science in the context of Republican-period China, thereby suggesting that the conflict between the modernizing state and traditional religious culture was not always as stark as we have believed it to be.
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