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This study aspires to place thirteenth-century Iceland more fully within the historiographical debate on the individual in the Middle Ages, which has tended to focus on continental Western Europe. It interrogates the perception that the ancient Icelanders had of themselves in relation to the notion of individualism. In turn, it seeks to identify the sustained relationship with the collective, to determine if the Icelanders could conceive and define themselves beyond group structures or membership. Analysis of the content of the sagas of Icelanders (Íslendingasögur), a literary genre specific to Iceland, makes it possible to formulate a history of mentalité for this purpose. The notion of honor, a central theme in the texts, serves to evaluate the degree of individuality accorded the ancient Icelanders. The various dimensions of honor as expressed in the sagas are then dessected to answer this question. Honor is first considered in its relation to reputation. The importance of the idea of reputation as well as the process by which it is established is then observed. Analysis of how honor and its pursuit are motivating themes in the sagas are then considered. Finally, honor is perceived under the theme of the perception of oneʼs dignity and its social implications.

In the 6th century, in the kingdom of the Burgundians, Avitus of Vienne composes a letter for his sister, the nun Fuscina. This consoling and eulogistic artwork is called De consolatoria castitatis laude. This text generates in us an understanding of the particular context of the virgo in the Christian society of Late Antiquity. Regarding the text, the purpose of the book is to show to the monacha that the virginal choice represents a way of escape and freedom, a reality that the spouse is unaware of. The duties of marriage, the dangers of motherhood, the troubles of the century, the widowhood and the mourning are all unknown to the virgin because she excludes herself to worldly obligations. The use of the Bible and several patristic references shape the legacy of religious mentalities which inspires Avitus in making an oriented speech on the virgo’s socio-religious distinctness.

Through an approach that seeks to link the question of the culture of war to the awareness of the social, economic and political dimensions of war, this study highlights the construction of the figure of the landsknecht through the prism of the practices of these German mercenaries and the representations of French contemporaries. To identify this dominant figure of the Renaissance, it is a question of circumscribing the strategies implemented by the lansquenets, i.e. the arsenal of symbols, speeches and behaviours to which the members of this group refer, and to confront them with the discourses of the French military and civilians in order to apprehend the perception they have of the landsknechte and the behaviours they develop towards them. The dialectic between the practices of the Lansquenets and the French representations of them illustrate the profound transformations of the French monarchy at the dawn of the Modern Era and reveals a society's apprehension of alterity.

In a fundamental essay published in 1991 on the significance of religious women’s communities in early and high medieval Saxony, the late Michel Parisse called for a comparative perspective on the political, social and religious conditions of the conspicuous density of women's communities in Saxony. In doing so, he referred to his home region of Lorraine, for which he – amongst others – used the term Lotharingia to describe its early medieval reality. In terms of sheer numbers, Lotharingia is indeed closest to the Saxon situation, but chronologically its monasteries also refer back to earlier times. Examples of this are the Merovingian foundations of Remiremont in the Vosges and Sainte-Glossinde and Saint-Pierreaux- Nonnains in the Carolingian lieu de mémoire Metz. Women's monasteries like these combined stabilising power in the Carolingian core lands with supra-regional influence within the framework of the Frankish regnum and imperium. For areas such as Saxony, which were integrated comparatively late into the Frankish sphere of influence, the politico-religious structures of the ancient parts of the Frankish realm provided a framework of tradition and reference far into the post-Carolingian period. In this contribution – not least as an expression of gratitude to one of my academic teachers – I would like to take up Parisse's observations. I do not aim at a similarly broad investigation, especially since a comparative approach in a broad thematic perspective would go beyond the scope of the contribution as well as of this volume, even though recent studies on women's religious communities in Saxony and Lorraine invite us to do so. The focus is rather on a partial aspect: the textual and ideological relations between liturgy and hagiography in the tenth and early eleventh centuries. Such an approach is complementary to studies in which the importance of relics and hagiographical texts as vectors of communication, the transfer of ideas and the spatial integration of new secular and ecclesiastical structures of power were elaborated – again primarily for the Carolingian period. Following on from these studies, the observations in this article concentrate on religious and monastic aspects of these genres and raise questions about the shared significance of liturgy and hagiography for the definition and mediation of traditional as well as new ascetic and monastic models of life in the tenth century. The debates which shaped these models are part of monastic and broader religious transformations traditionally labelled as the reform of the tenth and early eleventh century.

This master's thesis analyses the institutional transformations of the Institut d'études médiévales of the Université de Montréal between 1942 and 1968. To do so, we focus on the effects of the Quiet Revolution on the Institut d'études médiévales, an institution of higher learning founded by the Dominican Order in 1930. Inspired by the Nouvelle Théologie outlined by Marie-Dominique Chenu, the Institute embraces a doctrinal raison d'être and uses scientific know-how to achieve it. By adapting the historical-critical method to infer the teaching of Thomism, the Institute represents an interesting religious-scientific amalgam to understand the effects of the secularization of the Université de Montreal on its structures, its culture, and its institutions. We describe the journey of this institution through La Grande Noirceur, the Quiet Revolution, and the secularization of the university’s Charter. Through the analysis of the archives of the Université de Montreal and the Canadian Province of the Dominican Order, we describe the institutional history of the Institut d'études médiévales according to the evolution of its hopes and of its functions at the university. Through the analysis of its mission statements, we describe how the Institute adapts to keep pace with the structural and cultural evolution within Quebec’s Quiet Revolution.

Historiography of ancient monastic trends has been deeply renewed during the recent years thanks to several conferences which put forward comparative and interdisciplinary approaches, some of them being specifically dedicated to female forms of religious life. Henceforth, scholars dissuade us to read the history of monasticism trough 'Benedictine glasses'. They invite us to take into account every type of sources - written, archaeological, iconographic, epigraphic. The interpretation of the written sources - monastic rules, but also hagiographical and diplomatic sources - has been nowadays deeply renewed. These recent works agree to give to early 'monasticism' a wider definition, taking into account the extreme diversity of the community forms of religious life attested in the West during this period. These works deserve to be continued further through comparative studies focused on precise problematics. This research project aims to explore how some communities tried to reconcile the practice of a monastic life with the service of an important sanctuary, and also how some ancient communities succeeded in holding firm through centuries, often with the support of powerful protectors.

Charles the Bald’s reign was a period of political and ideological transformations for the carolingian royalty. The troubles with the Breton and Spanish march along with the external raids are probably the sources of tension which have captured the most attention from medievalists. The so-called armorican emancipatory quest or the personal and familial ambitions of the septimanian and iberian magnates are still cited as evidences of the weakening of Carolingian political power following the 843 treaty of Verdun. By focusing on the king’s conflict resolution policies in these two territories, apparently hostile to his power, this study wants to establish wheter the tensions in the marches were as complex and irremediable as the primary sources suggested. By comparing the field policies visible in the royal charters, we noticed that theses troubles were not fundamentally different from those present elsewhere in the kingdom. The strategies employed by the king shows that the royalty had the means to overcome these obstacles and to affirm his political supremacy. Noticeably, these oppositions do not seem to be so particular. The political and economic issues that they were impliying were reflecting the main political concerns of the Carolingian kings following the 840-843 civil war. It was important to them to promote their divine legitimacy as well as appearing as the only political choice for the kingdom’s elites.

Bien que plusieurs études aient été consacrées aux Libri memoriales, à l’exemplaire de Brescia et au monastère San Salvatore/Santa Giulia, aucune monographie n’a replacé le Liber memorialis au cœur de l’histoire de la communauté monastique qui l’a créé. Cette thèse propose d’utiliser ce manuscrit, conçu en 856 et composé de listes de noms et de textes liturgiques, pour analyser les réseaux et la liturgie entre 750 (décennie de la fondation du monastère) et 1000 (l’emprise des Ottoniens sur l’Italie). Les listes de noms témoignent des relations des moniales au sein de leur propre communauté et avec les institutions de la cité épiscopale de Brescia : l’évêque et le clergé de la cathédrale. Ces listes illustrent également le réseau des moniales à l’extérieur de la ville — au niveau local, transalpin et impérial — et avec divers groupes : les parents des moniales, les nobles, les clercs, les évêques, les moines et les moniales et enfin, les pèlerins. L’objectif est aussi de s’interroger sur le rôle de la liturgie comme créatrice de liens entre ces divers groupes et sur l’agentivité des moniales dans la mise en place et la pérennisation de ces réseaux de même que dans la pratique de la liturgie. Outre le Liber memorialis, une grande variété de sources liées ou produites par les moniales de San Salvatore/Santa Giulia a été mobilisée dans cette recherche : des sources diplomatiques (diplômes, chartes et privilèges), des sources hagiographiques et des hymnes, des sources liturgiques de la seconde moitié du Moyen Âge (Psautier-Collectaire et Ordinaire) ainsi que des sources matérielles. L’ensemble de ces ouvrages permet d’appréhender comment les moniales concevaient leur communauté. Ma recherche souhaite également développer une réflexion sur le rôle du Liber memorialis au sein de la communauté de moniales et pour les gens qui y faisaient inscrire leur nom de même que sur le caractère distinct de l’exemplaire de Brescia par rapport aux autres Libri memoriales. Mon hypothèse est que le manuscrit de Brescia représentait une communauté imaginée dont le socle était les moniales de San Salvatore/Santa Giulia, caractère accentué dans le Liber memorialis de Brescia par le regroupement de listes de noms et de textes liturgiques dans un même codex.

Das Papsttum und die vita religiosa, die Welt der Klöster und Orden, sind die beiden einzigen institutionellen Lebensformen des Mittelalters, die für sich eine eigene universelle Geltung beanspruchen konnten. Durch die Ausbildung komplexer kommunikativer Strukturen und innovativer Organisationsformen nahmen beide vor allem seit dem 12. und 13. Jahrhundert Anteil an der Grundlegung eines "Kulturraums Europa".Vor diesem Hintergrund stand der analytische Vergleich von Papsttum und vita religiosa als aufeinander bezogene Kommunikationssysteme im Mittelpunkt zweier Tagungen am Deutsch-Italienischen Zentrum für Europäische Exzellenz der Villa Vigoni, deren Ergebnisse nun in einer zweibändigen Publikation vorliegen.Die Beiträge des zweiten Bandes widmen sich der Rolle der römischen Kurie bei der überregionalen Vermittlung religiöser Normen und kultureller Werte als universal gedachte Ordnungsvorstellungen und fragen zugleich nach dem Anteil der religiösen Orden an diesen Vermittlungsprozessen.

D'évidence, il n'y a pas d'enfermement sans règle. L'un des traits communs aux mondes clos est que ceux qui y vivent doivent obéir à des normes fortes, qu'il s'agisse de la règle monastique, de la règle hospitalière ou du règlement de prison. Reprenant l'étude comparée des enfermements religieux et carcéraux esquissée par les sciences sociales dans les années 1960 et 1970, le présent ouvrage, qui fait suite au volume Enfermements. Le cloître et la prison (VIe-XVIIIe siècle) publié en 2011, explore la place que prennent les règlements et les normes dans les cloîtres comme dans les prisons. Par une méthode comparée systématique, il montre toutes les nuances de cette histoire sur la longue durée, entre ive et XIXe siècles, et dans toute l'Europe, des Iles Britanniques à la péninsule ibérique. À cet effet, il interroge la nature de la règle et historicise sa mise en texte, avant de comparer les modes de production de l'obéissance et les dérèglements qui surgissent dans les milieux clos. L'un des enjeux de cette étude comparée des règles et dérèglements en milieux clos est de comprendre et de réévaluer le rôle que la discipline régulière religieuse a pu jouer dans la mise en place des systèmes carcéraux occidentaux