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Généalogie des représentations et attitudes face aux épidémies au Québec depuis le XIX' siècle
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Cet article rend compte de l'introduction de certaines pratiques bactériologiques au sein du corps médical au Québec entre les années 1890 et 1920. Sont présentés ici les premiers hommes-relais de la bactériologie initiés pour la plupart en territoire européen à la théorie et aux pratiques bactériologiques, ainsi que les premiers cours de bactériologie dispensés au sein des facultés médicales. Est aussi prise en considération, l'émergence des méthodes bactériologiques au sein de la pratique clinique et de la pratique hospitalière. Mais alors que les activités de recherche en ce domaine demeureront peu développées, l'introduction de ces nouvelles méthodologies diagnostiques par le biais de l'enseignement et de la clinique hospitalière s'est effectuée sans retard véritable par rapport à la communauté médicale internationale. Elles ont même largement contribué à développer une médecine de laboratoire.
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In the twentieth century, a multitude of people used psychoanalysis to explain their actions and gestures to one another. Their reliance on psychoanalysis, is an indication of how deeply they trusted its theories. This wide and profound diffusion, which has left a very strong impression on contemporary culture, remains however largely unexplained. This puzzling phenomenon becomes intelligible, from the moment one treats psychoanalysis as a grammar of interiority, which guides interactions by mediating them with symbols and common meanings (norms, values, etc.) specific to contemporary democratic societies (those that conceive themselves as emerging from an agreement between individuals). This social practice, the psychoanalytic inquiry, can be analyzed by situating in their contexts of interactions the speeches in which repressed desires were imputed to various conducts. Freud’s work provides a sample of such speeches. The description of the form and meaning that these imputations of repressed desires conferred to different ongoing interactions allows us to identify the specific features of the psychoanalytic inquiry. Freud shows that the repression arises from a conflict between a repressed presocial will and a socialized will, which enforces repression, born from requirements inculcated by the parental authority. Hence, to identify a repressed desire, one must simultaneously identify a repressing relationship. The psychoanalytic inquiry leads to review the different interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships in which the author of the repression is involved. This exercise leads to set apart the relationships that constrain the inner presocial will to social requirements, from those that rather emanate from this inner will. Since the former creates the repression and the unwanted symptoms it causes, the healing of the repression requires that its carrier distances oneself from inherited social requirements, in order to recognize one’s her inner will. By weighing the coercion on presocial wills exercised by specific relations, the psychoanalytic inquiry gauged these relations from a standard specific to contemporary democratic societies: the requirement to ground social relations on the unconstrained wills of the partners. The psychoanalytic inquiry was part of a modern social imaginary that shaped the form of a contract to various relationships. The people who used this inquiry showed that they were concerned about this requirement and they prompted a critical reaction to the relationships that constrained their will. In sum, the psychoanalytic inquiry provided the contemporary world with a way of organizing relationships that was adapted to a society that gave a preeminent authority to “contractual” requirements. That largely explains the breadth and depth of the diffusion of psychoanalysis in the twentieth century.
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- Keel, Othmar (6)