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The concepts of "national" and "international" are crucial in the study of the French Communist Party and the Italian Communist Party. The two most important communist parties in Western Europe have always tried to reconcile their national political proposals with USSR international and geopolitical issues. The synthesis was not always easy, and this difficulty emerges in the historiographical debate of the two parties. A conflictual approach has been developed by historians of both parties, and these two concepts have not been analyzed as two aspects of a global perspective, but rather as opposed one to another. After examining the thesis of some historians, we propose an organic and more neutral approach, using as a case of study the utilization of national symbols by both parties. We chose a comparative approach because the geopolitical and historical situation of the two parties presented some similarities. Also, in both cases, we can observe, with some differences, the affirmation of two conflicting historiographical school of thoughts.
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An article from Bulletin d'histoire politique, on Érudit.
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Cet article analyse l’évolution des stéréotypes associés aux communautés italiennes et haïtiennes au Québec depuis 1900, en mettant en lumière comment ces représentations ont évolué en fonction des transformations des lois canadiennes et québécoises sur l’immigration, ainsi que des changements sociaux, économiques et politiques dans la province. En examinant les processus historiques et les contextes spécifiques, il démontre que ces stéréotypes ne sont pas seulement des reflets des dynamiques migratoires, mais aussi des constructions sociales qui ont été façonnées par les rapports de pouvoir et les luttes d’intégration. À travers l’étude de ces deux groupes, l’article explore comment les défis d’intégration se répercutent sur la perception de ces communautés dans la société québécoise, soulignant les enjeux de racisme, de classe et de culture. L’argument central repose sur l’idée que les stéréotypes, tout en évoluant, persistent sous différentes formes, et que leur déconstruction nécessite une compréhension historique des processus migratoires et des politiques d’accueil.
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This thesis studies the opposition of the Italian Communist Party (ICP) and the French Communist Party (FCP) to the Atlantic bloc, from the beginning of the Cold War until the entry of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) into NATO. The approach chosen is to integrate the 'national' and 'international' spheres, in order to avoid framing the analysis solely in terms of Cold War opposition. The comprehension of the oppositional strategies of two parties to the Atlantic bloc is very important, as the PCF and the PCI were the two largest communist parties in Western Europe at the time, and favorable to the French and Italian constitutions after World War II. Considering the interaction between national issues and international pressures, the dissertation draws a portrait of the evolution of the CPF/CPI in their opposition to the Atlantic bloc, highlighting similarities and differences. The thesis relies on several primary sources, such as official documents of the two parties and Italian, French, Russian and American diplomatic and ministerial documents, to explain the evolution of the two parties. While the starting conditions, with the exclusion from the national governments of both parties and the increased pressure from the US and the Soviet Union were similar, the long-term development of strategies was different. In general, the PCF was more "dogmatic", in relation to the Atlantic bloc. Consequently, the tendency of the French communists was to focus more on the international situation than on national issues, with a reversal of this tendency only in the mid-1950s, during the campaign against the EDC. For their part, the Italian communists were able, from the start and notwithstanding international pressures, to develop a more balanced opposition taking into account national issues and the international situation. As a result, the PCI's strategy was more effective, as it repeatedly challenged the Italian government on its Atlantic choice.