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Faced with the collapse of international trade and the price of commodities as a result of the Depression, the chambers of commerce of French overseas territories met on four occasions during the 1930s to air their concerns and address requests to authorities. Their congresses provide an ideal and little-known vantage point to observe the stresses and strains of the imperial economy in troubled times. Colonial interests did not necessarily coincide with those of the mother country. The tightening of protectionism in response to the economic crisis was primarily a way of relieving metropolitan interests, sometimes at the expense of overseas French producers and merchants. Two categories of demands emerge from the congresses. The first aimed to reinforce the imperial relationship in order to assist colonial exporters, while the second implicitly questioned the very foundations of an imperial economy, a surprising anticipation of post-1945 developments.
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Chapter 6 The Internationalization of Capital: The Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries was published in Empires and Autonomy on page 93.
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Cet article se propose d’expliquer les origines et l’évolution de l’association, à première vue contre-nature, entre un État se proclamant du marxisme et une société étrangère issue de l’ex-métropole. C’est dans un contexte politique et économique bien trouble qu’ELF-ERAP décide de relancer ses activités pétrolières au Congo. L’article essaie de repérer la stratégie adoptée par ELF-ERAP face à un interlocuteur exigeant qui tente d’appliquer les méthodes des pays de l’Est. Quoique tendue et instable, une coopération s’instaure entre ces deux partenaires qui ne semblent pas complémentaires.
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With the Depression eroding France’s foreign trade, government authorities felt compelled to convene an imperial conference in order to seek solutions based on the consolidation of economic ties with the Empire, Inspiration came partly from the conference held in Ottawa in 1932 by Great Britain and its Dominions. The aim of the Paris gathering was to promote increased exports to the colonies as a substitute to foreign markets lost during the downswing. Likewise, importers were encouraged to buy from the colonies, rather than from foreign countries, thereby raising the purchasing power of the colonial population and its ability to import French goods. Although the program to institute a coordinated imperial economy appeared logical in principle, its implementation was complicated by economic realities and the non-complementary character of the metropolitan and the colonial economies.
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Colonial banking in French North Africa - 1 - Banque de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie (1851–1963)
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Of paramount importance in the economic, social, and political history of modern Egypt has been the issue of land distribution. As the primary asset in an economy based on agriculture until the latter part of the twentieth century, land represented the livelihood of the majority of Egyptians, a source of wealth for some and a means of achieving social status for all. Ownership of land was necessary in order to benefit—directly as a cultivator or indirectly as a proprietor earning rents—from Egypt’s natural advantages as a cotton-growing country and the usually high prices it fetched on the international market. Arable land was all the more valuable in that it was rare in a territory largely made up of vast expanses of desert. The problem created by the dearth of tillable land was compounded by the rapid rise of the population.
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Purchase online the PDF of La turquie entre trois mondes, Kançal, Salgur,Thobie, Jacques - L'Harmattan - E-book
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En ex-URSS, mais également dans d’autres régions du monde, on assiste depuis la fin de la guerre froide à un phénomène de « démodernisation », caractérisé par une régression généralisée et le retour à des modes d’existence primitifs, ou tout au moins plus anciens. Si la compétition Est-Ouest et les Trente Glorieuses ont favorisé modernisation et mesures progressistes, la primauté de l’ordre néolibéral au-delà de toute alternative entraîne une offensive contre les acquis sociaux et une contestation du droit de certaines nations à se moderniser, mettant en relief l’aspect réversible de la modernité.