Rechercher

At the turn of the 19th century, after the fall of the Second Empire, France underwent a period of institutional uncertainty. By trying to consildate the new regime, the founders of the Third Republic engaged the country in a period of colonial expansion. The main promoters of the colonial policy, of which Jules Ferry and Léon Gambetta, try to justify it by integrating universalists republicans principles into the colonial discourse. This method of political persuasion will brought to light its share of contradictions. Historiography on the subject tend to consider that there was a consensus among contemporaries. However, several political actors of the Third Republic will oppose colonial expansion, giving rise to an anti-colonialist current, also inspired by republican thought. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how two different ideological currents, seemingly contradictory, can define their discourse on the basis of the same philosophical roots. Republican ideology is based upon the principles of the Déclaration des droits de l’homme of 1794, which put forward the concepts of equality and liberty. While these principles were upheld in the colonialist discourse, their application in the colonies was constantly put off. In order not to betray their republican heritage, Third Republic thinkers distorted it, through the concepts of « hiérarchie raciale » and « mission civilisatrice ». Colonialist and anti-colonialist speeches will be analyzed in periodicals and contemporary publications, in addition to numerous speeches from the Chambre des députés (Chamber of Deputies). This dissertation examines studies how republican thought supports both colonialist and anti-colonialist discourse. In that perspective, the analysis of the arguments opposing colonization demonstrates that a stable and lasting anti-colonialist current was clearly present under the Third Republic.

This master's thesis examines the creation in the United States of the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and its deployment in Europe, and analyzes the relationship that developed between its director, George Creel, and President Woodrow Wilson. The archives used for this research are letters and documents, dated from 1916 to 1920, from the Woodrow Wilson Papers in the Library of Congress in Washington. Upon the entry of the United States into the war in April 1917, the government - following a trend of thought emerging in the nineteenth century on the power of public opinion - became aware of the importance of maintaining enthusiasm for the war among its population, which led to the creation of the CPI. This "propaganda" committee was not originally intended to extend beyond American borders. It was only after the revolution in Russia in the fall of 1917 and the fear of seeing this ally leave the war that the idea of exporting American democratic values and Wilsonian ideas around the world took shape in order to keep the allied populations mobilized and prepare the ground for the post-war period. Far from restricting itself to Russia, the committee extended its work to other Entente countries and neutrals, with the aim of eventually reaching the populations of the central empires. An analysis of the exchanges between the President and George Creel highlights the close collaboration between the two men and the interdependence that developed between them during the war. The CPI found in the President a valuable support in order to assert its authority and thus reach a wider public, despite the sharp criticism coming from the diplomatic personnel posted abroad who was suspicious of the committee's objectives and methods. In return, the President benefits from an organization dedicated to showcasing his ideals in the United States and around the world. This dissertation is the first research to examine the work of the CPI on the European continent globally.

This thesis will consider the sound atmosphere (including cries, speech, noises and moments of silence) and music in the cults of the Great Mother, Dionysus and Demeter in Archaic and Classical Greece and their roles and meanings. Until recently, the audible component of Greek cults has rarely been considered by historical reconstructions. However, it played a fundamental role both in ritual practice and tales. These two expressions of religion – ritual practice and tales – are inextricably linked in ancient storytelling, just as representations inspired by the rituals are rife with imaginary elements. Examining different types of sources – of which the literary works and painted vases are the most numerous and enlightening – and considering the various cultural ingredients (tales and ritual practice, the imaginary and the real) as a coherent whole can provide insight into the phonosphere unique to each god in striking ways. This comprehensive approach leads to a better understanding of the religious experience of the Greeks, including certain phenomena that remain controversial today, such as maenadism and ecstatic ritual. The sources reveal that through their communicative power, music, sounds and silence filled specific functions in the ritual practices and tales. While some sounds and music were intended to please the god and hence gain favour, others bearing the god’s sonic signature held sway over mortals during rituals as a moment of personal contact with the divine. In certain cases, this aural sway could bring healing and a balancing of internal instability. Moreover, the sound vocabulary found in the literature almost invariably carries meaning that makes it possible to recognize the world and divine figures it describes. Cataloguing the sound vocabularies of individual cults/deities helps identify the relationships between certain gods. This in turn can clarify interpretations of certain passages in the literature. Similarly, research on musical instruments reveals tastes and trends, which could be attributed to the significant 5 changes in the religious and political spheres of Athens in the late 5th century BC. For example, the progressive introduction of the tympanum to the Dionysian world starting in the first half of the 5th century BC suggests that Athenians appropriated the cult of the Great Mother and the instrument most commonly associated with it. This observation, based on contemporary accounts, corroborates the distinction Athenians made between an ancestral religion and an “additional” multifaceted one. In that respect, investigating the sound atmosphere in these cults improves our understanding of not only the cults themselves, but also Athenian society as a whole and the milestone events that shaped it. Studying the sounds and their place and function in ritual practice and tales deepens our knowledge of Greek religion and the methods of communication it established between the realms of mortals and the gods. It also allows us to better characterize the social and cultural environments in which it developed

This M.A thesis studies the Paris 1900 World’s Fair through the analysis of newspaper articles in La Presse and La Patrie. In doing so, this research situates itself at the crossroads of numerous historiographical fields. In the second half of the 19th century, both the press and the World’s Fair undergo significant changes. These changes affects newspapers in the way they look and are printed, but also in their content. For the World’s Fair, they evolve and culminate in the celebration of the 19th century in Paris in 1900. The changes affecting the press and the World’s Fair beg questions such as : How is the press talking about the presence of Quebec and French Canada at the Fair? What place do the Others take in the press discourse regarding the Fair? Is there a difference between the discourse surrounding the European nations, and those that are viewed as « Oriental » nations at the Fair? Firstly the newspaper articles that make up our body of sources are separated into four different categories: advertising, political articles, entertainment articles and chronicles. This analysis, though not exhaustive, will examine the significance that the Paris 1900 Wold’s Fair had in the La Presse and La Patrie newspapers. Secondly, the discursive analysis of these articles helps us understand the way Canada presents itself at the Fair. The press reveals how the Canadian exhibits were displayed, and consequently how the country tried to present itself on the international stage. The newspaper’s discourse also illustrates Canada’s will to appear on the same level as other euroamerican « civilized » nations, such as France, Germany or even the United- States, both culturally and economically. Also, the newspaper exposes how Canada perceived the Occident and it’s racialized view of other races. The later are often exhibited during the Fair in « human spectacles » that occasionally take place throughout the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Canada’s presentation of itself at the World’s Fair and the broad strokes of Canada’s ideals at the time, as shown through the newspaper articles, demonstrates unequal racial power relationships stemming from the justification of Occident’s colonial domination grounded in a European scientific racialism.

This master’s thesis aims to shed light on why many episodes of violent collective behavior occurred in the contiones during the last century of the Roman Republic (133-44 BC). To get there, we have drawn on an analytical framework specialized in the understanding of intergroup conflict and recently used by historians: social psychology. We mainly used the Social Identity Theory because it is considered the most comprehensive in explaining intergroup behavior at both the societal and crowd levels. It turns out that the appearance of violence in the contiones can be explained both by reasons related to the political, social and economic context of Roman society in the first two centuries BC and by factors specific to this type of assembly. Drawing on recent studies, our analysis began by showing that the political and economic context of Rome caused divisions between the groups that constituted it. By considering this fragmentation, we were able to recognize the presence of factors that encouraged intergroup conflicts on a macro scale. We then looked separately at the two distinctive features of contiones (an audience assembled and a speaker discoursed) to determine how they contributed to violent outbursts. Our analysis suggested that contiones were one of the few contexts in which assembled individuals categorized their peers according to their political group membership and where a speaker could influence the dynamics that developed between these groups. Given the troubled state of Roman society, the contiones provided a fertile environment for intergroup conflict.

Since the 1960s, the history of slavery and that of the Atlantic Revolutions have carved out a significant place in the historiography. These developments have had a beneficial effect on the representation of populations of African origin in the historical literature, contributing in particular to putting the Haitian Revolution back on the map in the 1990s and 2000s. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a few works on the various revolutions of the Americas, namely the American, the Haitian and the South American, in order to study the changing importance that historians attribute to the agency of black people, and principally to slaves. The first chapter follows the evolution of this historiography by submitting to serial analysis the bibliography assembled by Aline Helg in Slaves No More!, before examining the pioneering works of Anna Julia Cooper and C.L.R. James and a sort of prehistory of the notion of the Atlantic revolution. The second chapter focuses on a selection of work individually targeting the different revolutions of the Americas, in order to observe the treatment of slaves’ roles. The last deals with the treatment of the agency of slaves in four surveys published between 1988 and 2016 covering summarily or in detail the various American revolutions.

This paper examines the document “Ponte para o futuro” (“Bridge to the future”), a neoliberal political platform implemented in Brazil after President Dilma Rousseff was deposed in 2016. The work shows that these policies have resulted in the systematic dismantling of public institutions and social policies, leading to a deterioration and decline in the population’s quality of life, referred to in this essay as “demodernization”. The primary motivation for conducting this study is the realization that the process that led to demodernization in Brazil has similarities with events observed in other countries, revealing an intentionality in the process. Aside from the differences specific to each country, demodernization follows a predetermined path. In Brazil’s case, the roadmap that establishes the steps to be followed to achieve a change in the political and economic regime is explained in detail in the “Bridge to the Future” plan. The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the notion of demodernization, and to verify whether the “Bridge to the Future” plan can be considered an inflection point that marks the change of course towards a neoliberal state. This work also seeks to fill certain gaps to enable a better understanding of the country’s recent history between 2013 and 2018, and to offer a contribution to studies on Latin America and Brazil in the light of the notion of demodernization

This thesis explores the territorial dispossession of the Ojibway people by the Canadian government in all its dimensions – be it economical, political but especially cultural. The analysis, greatly indebted to cultural geography, aspect too often poorly considered in the traditional narratives of settler colonialism, is the principal theme of this work. The type case is the Ojibway of the Garden River First Nation, between 1815 and 1860. By the figure of Shingwaukonse, this community held a very active diplomatic activity with the British crown, by the contact with representatives of its Canadian colonies. The trail it left allows us to see the total dispossession that necessitates settler colonialism. To successfully tackle this project, it is imperative to reframe the narrative of the Sault-Sainte-Marie region in all of it cross-border character, to address the multiple colonial dynamics felt by regional Anishinaabeg. This narrative starts on a vast geographical scale associated with the British Empire, before stopping on the specific ways this group lived their identities when faced with these new dispossessions.

Privateering was at its all-time high in the eighteenth century, specifically during the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713). The increase in this activity had particular consequences in the colonies and, in fact, precipitated the foundation of the first admiralty in French North America, at Plaisance. Colonial admiralties were to follow the instructions of the Ordonnance de la Marine of 1681, just like their French counterparts. While there are a few studies of the judgement of prizes in metropolitan admiralties, there are no studies that examine in detail how this procedure unfolded in colonial admiralties. This thesis asks, therefore, the following question: how did the colonial admiralties judge prizes in the eighteenth century, specifically from 1690 to 1760, in the ports of Plaisance, Québec and Louisbourg? To answer this question, the responses of the Admiral of France in the subseries G5 were used to make a preliminary statistical portrait to illuminate the main characteristics of captured prizes and their adjudication in the colonies (chapter 1). Then, records of proceedings of the Admiralty of Plaisance from the subseries G5 were used to reconstitute the judgement of prizes in detail and to identify the similarities and differences between colonial and metropolitan adjudication. Finally, in order to better understand the place of privateering in the admiralty’s overall activity, we examined how the volume of these cases compared to that of other types before the same institution. To do so, we consulted the fonds de l’amirauté de Québec and the fonds de l’amirauté de Louisbourg, with the notarized records of Plaisance. This analysis allowed us to see the particular role played by the admiralty in each port, a role shaped by the latter’s socioeconomic and geographic character (chapter 3). Main findings of the study include the similarity in procedures in metropolitan and colonial admiralties as well as the specific adaptations that were made to the colonial context.

This thesis explores feasting in Norway and Iceland during the 12th and 13th centuries. The subject of this work, often only merely mentioned by historiography, aims to fill this need by painting a general picture of banquets during the chosen time period. We aim to specifically address the topic by garnering exceptional details present in historical documents. This study also wishes to establish the various roles played by banquets by following two main axes. The first one sees the feast serving as a conveyer of social cohesion and friendships and also as a building tool for relationships. Inversely, the second exposes how feasts could serve more hostile purposes, notably distinguishing every attendee and underlining social inequalities among a given group. We also aim to categorize feasts, to identify their uses and their breadth. Through these efforts, we also identify unique traits that define this practice around western Scandinavia, but also the differences it entertains against other European regions. Finally, this study aims to touch on the transmission of customs surrounding feasting from Norway to Iceland incidental to increasing political relationships. To achieve the aforementioned goals, we solicited the use legal texts from both regions, king sagas, contemporary sagas, as well as documents coming from the Norwegian court.

This thesis proposes to study the expression of movement in ancient Greek poetry and particularly the link between death and the physical act of falling in Homeric poetry. The question of movement appears implicitly in all studies concerned with death in ancient Greece and its different representations. Through not only different metaphorical expressions, but also through the fall of bodies on the battlefield, the fall of certain objects and the plunge of different characters, human and divine, the movement illustrates death or its imminence. Far from representing only the plunge of the soul into the Underworld, the falling movement also represents a wide range of emotional states and proves to be an effective way of expressing altered states of consciousness, for example the passage between life and death, sleep, madness and drunkenness, but also emotions of great intensity such as anger, pain and sadness. This use of the movement in Greek poetry is expressed in the poetic imagination, but also in the ritual practices recorded in Homeric poetry. Indeed, in the Iliad, the movement of fall which appears in libation, ritual oath and funeral rites would not only mean death, but in certain cases, death without burial. This discovery allows us to take a new look at the ritual practices of the poem which bring to light the true will of the Achaeans, explicitly shown in the third book (Il. 3. 276- 301), which is not only to kill men and children, and to enslave women, but to abandon the bodies of their enemies to the elements and thus to refusing them burial, which is problematic in the religious context of the ancient Greece. The falling movement, through the gesture of projection, expresses a threat that the Greek audience had to fully understand and is central to the entire plot. It also appears that the movement would possess a "magical efficiency" which would make it possible to trigger and seal an oath. Throughout Antiquity, the meaning of the movement through time became more complex and if it represents death and sadness in Homer, throughout the end of the archaic period until the last days of the Roman Empire, the movement eventually took an erotic connotation. Because of his capacity to represent various altered states of consciousness and its close links with death and mourning, the plunge then becomes the exemplary model of the suffering in love. This thesis thus makes it possible to observe the evolution of a motive which preserves throughout Antiquity its mortiferous dimension, but which, even today, expresses a close poetic link between death and eroticism.

This thesis analyses the situation of the catholic church of Canada at the turn of the 19th century using a Gramscian theoretical framework. Through the historical paths of three bishops, we demonstrate that the episcopacy maintained its position as an essential link between the Canadian population and the colonial state. We observe a threefold movement from within the catholic institution. The bishops intended to strengthen the structure of the episcopacy through social control and by increasing the numerical basis of the clergy. Republican ideas being promoted through the Atlantic revolutions, the colonial government and the episcopacy tightened their relationship in order to defend a monarchist conception of the world; the state and the church came to form what Antonio Gramsci calls an “ideological bloc”. The relationship between the two institutions was, however, not without conflict. A tug of war began over the judicial situation of the Catholic church. Some members of the British elite hoped to reinforce state control over the episcopacy which they considered as too independent. The issue at stake in the debates that arose at the start of the 19th century was to ascertain who would control the ideological apparatus in a colony where the majority of the population was Catholic

Recent scholarship has demonstrated that written Latin of the Merovingian period was read and spoken in such a way as to be understood by the illiterate population and among medievalists it is now communis opinio that the documents of 7th and 8th century Gaul, reflect a formal register of the spoken language. This is particularly consequential for the study of vowel apocope and syncope whereby most unstressed vowels in Classical Latin have disappeared in Old French, either described as direct loss of the vowel (V → ∅) or with a prior reduction to schwa (V → ə → ∅). Despite this paradigm shift, as well as renewed introspection by historical linguists, Merovingian Latin is still omitted from most grammars which describe the evolution of the Latin vowel system to that of Old French. This thesis thus seeks to provide the philological evidence and theoretical pieces necessary to emancipate diachronic phonology from the long shadow of dogmatically acquired tradition, thanks in large part to improved editions, access to digitized manuscripts and great leaps in our understanding of the human language faculty which were unavailable to the founders of our discipline. To address these issues, we have selected a corpus of 48 original charters preserved primarily at Saint Denis north of Paris, dating from the 7th to the early 8th century. Adopting a positivistic philological approach to the data, we first describe the distribution of vowels according to a straightforward method of statistically analysing the type and frequency of vowel variation in recurring lexemes according to stressed and unstressed syllables as well as according to position (initial, final, internal, etc.) within the word. The Merovingian data was then analysed within the phonological frameworks of strict CV and element theory, demonstrating among other processes that vowel reduction was an active part of the synchronic phonology. We conclude that vowel loss in Gallo-Romance proceeded first along a path of contrast-neutralising vowel reduction, which then fed total vowel loss in a typologically regular direction of sound change similar to what can be observed in modern Portuguese or lexicalised in Francoprovençal. Significantly, and counter to all previous account of the diachronic loss of vowels in Proto-French, we argue that there is no evidence in favour of a reduction to schwa in the seventh or eight centuries. Instead, we find a three-way contrast between a front vowel, a back vowel, and a central vowel even in the most reduced unsyncopated syllables. Our conclusions have important consequences for the internal and external history of the French language. On the one hand, so long as final case-bearing vowels were distinguished, Gallo-Romance, despite all its idiosyncrasies and innovations remained an active member of the common Romance diasystem; it likewise retained a generally transparent relation with the written code. On the other hand, Gallo-Romance, like other regional Romance languages, simply remained a rustic variety of a single Latin language, with the “transition” from Latin to Old French occurring in the post-Merovingian period. Merovingian Latin presents itself as the key linguistic hinge needed to understand this transition.

This thesis studies how culture propagated by the Nazi regime during the Second World War influenced young Germans and contributed to their acceptance of National Socialist values. It asks: How did youth culture act as a vehicle of propaganda under the Third Reich and what impact did it have on German youth? By focusing on the hitherto under researched areas of children’s literature, toys and games, my research helps us to better understand the nature of Nazi propaganda, in particular the importance of informal education. Through play and reading young Germans were indoctrinated in Nazi ideology about the quest for a so-called pure race, conquest and expansion in East and West Europe, and anti-Semitism. These cultural activities led to an immersive emotional experience for young Germans which aroused their enthusiasm for contributing to and benefiting from a world ruled by Nazism. The entertaining nature of this cultural propaganda turned the violence and exclusion intrinsic to the National Socialist vision of the world into euphemisms, by trivializing their seriousness. This phenomenon helps us to understand why, even after the war, Germans persisted in seeing their youth under the Nazi regime as a relatively positive experience. The cultural aspect of the indoctrination of German youth is an underexplored dynamic of German history that I explore in this thesis.

This thesis is part of the contemporary history of French-speaking West Africa. Its anchor point is the theme of the CFA franc (Franc of the French community of Africa for West Africa, and Franc of the French cooperation of Africa for Central Africa) and the economic and social development project since 1960. The research is based on a multidisciplinary approach. It analyses the trade and economic policy issues that are constantly being debated at international level. The research focuses on the role of money in international relations: the case of the CFA franc between France and its former colonies in sub-Saharan Africa. For a country, independence means, above all, political, economic and social sovereignty. The CFA franc is a highly topical issue, and one that fascinates many people. In the 21st century, the CFA franc remains the only colonial currency still used by fourteen countries, twelve of which are former French colonies. These are Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Congo, Gabon, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. Equatorial Guinea (Spanish-speaking) and Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese-speaking) joined these French-speaking countries in 1984 and 1997 respectively. Faced with the development challenges of today's world, the countries that use the CFA franc are among the bottom of the class. Apart from the high rate of impoverishment, the populations of these countries are subject to the scourges of insecurity (in the Sahel and the Gulf of Guinea, for example) and emigration. Our approach has enabled us to gain a better understanding of how this currency works and its impact on the daily lives of its users.

Project North (PN) est une coalition œcuménique active de 1975 à 1987. À son apogée, elle est composée de 12 Églises chrétiennes. Formée dans la lignée d’un renouveau théologique et œcuménique, PN est un acteur central dans le Canada des années 1970 et 1980. Jamais explorée extensivement dans l’historiographie, PN s’inscrit à la jonction de quatre champs d’études : l’histoire du Nord, l’histoire autochtone, l’histoire religieuse et l’histoire des ressources naturelles. Au fil de son histoire, PN collabore avec plus d’une vingtaine d’organisations autochtones locales, régionales et nationales sur une multitude d’enjeux marquants de l’époque. En entretenant des liens de confiance avec celles-ci, PN contribue à la transmission et à la diffusion de leurs revendications à un large auditoire. Son rôle dans l’évolution d’enjeux nordiques a été essentiel et ne peut pas être mis en veilleuse, tout particulièrement dans le cadre de la Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois, de la Commission Berger et de la Northern Native Rights Campaign. L’étude détaillée de son histoire administrative montre toutefois que PN agit selon une optique de nordicité religieuse, c’est-à-dire une vision chrétienne du Nord influencée par une théologie structurée et complexe. Le Nord de PN est un Nord chrétien, vierge de péchés sociaux et de vastes projets de développement de ressources naturelles. Ceci l’amène à entretenir des relations indifférentes, voire hostiles, avec certaines organisations autochtones dont les finalités souhaitées divergent de celles de la coalition.

This thesis explores the impacts of Egyptian colonialism on the Sudanese agrarian society following the 1821 conquest of the Funj Sultanate until the beginning of the Mahdist Revolution in 1881. This research goes against the Western conventional historiographical consensus affirming that the agricultural sector in Sudan suffered a long and painful decline during the whole Egyptian colonial occupation. In fact, it is the complete opposite: after the 1844 Egyptian failure to impose their plantation system, the local Sudanese elites composed of former Funj aristocrats, traders and nomadic lords, are going to reappropriate this agrarian structure for their own ends. We are, in fact, witnessing the resurgence of Sudanese agriculture under a new hybrid system. This agrarian revival is going to have major consequences on the regions of Gezira and oriental Sudan and also on all the strata of the population. It will lead to an exponential rise in the use of agricultural slavery, the collapse of the free peasant and nomad, the building of a new network of cities and the decline of the environment. During that period, the Egyptian colonial government, confined to its garrison-cities, will limit its interaction with the rural world by inefficiently trying to extract the maximum of riches with the use of violence.

Authorized on December 31, 1914, the 41st Battalion (French-Canadian) of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was destined to follow in the footsteps of the renowned 22nd Battalion and fight on the western front. However, only seven months after its formation, this multiethnic unit made up of French-Canadian and foreign volunteers was disbanded due to a wave of insubordination that included a record number of infractions, desertions by the hundreds, several corruption scandals, widespread drunkenness and the cold- blooded murder of two Canadian servicemen. Long forgotten, the case of the 41st Battalion was examined for the first time in 1974 by historian Desmond Morton, who attributed the unit’s failure to the shortcomings of its officers. We find this interpretation acceptable, albeit limited. While Morton convincingly demonstrated the incompetence of the Battalion’s officers, his traditional approach to military history fails to unveil the mechanisms by which indiscipline was allowed to spread among the rank and file. This thesis, grounded in the micro-historical approach, shifts the analysis from a top-down to a bottom-up perspective, emphasizing the social, cultural and circumstantial factors which played into the unit’s collapse. Drawing from unpublished sources including court-martial reports and personnel record files of the 41st Battalion, this study reveals a widespread lack of cohesion within the unit. In the strange case of the 41st Battalion, discipline thus depends not only on the individual qualities of the officers, but also on the quality of interpersonal relationships among the rank and file.

This study delves into the history of the Rogation feast, examining its origin, evolution and role in the creation of community identity in 5th and 6th century Gaul. Adopting a cross-approach between history and anthropology highlights the importance of this ritual for the communities of the period and the narrative surrounding it, as orchestrated by the bishops of Gaul and by various actors. By examining the corpus of sources relating to the first Rogations at this period, we discover how this feast served as an apotropaic ritual and collective penance to cope with various difficulties, such as epidemics and droughts, first in the Rhone valley and then throughout Gaul. Thus, the narrative surrounding this festival and how it fostered community adhesion are at the heart of this study. Broader questions, such as the development of collective practices including fasts, prayers and processions, and the way in which the Rogation narrative connected with biblical origins and became rooted in the episcopal sphere, are also put forward. These observations lead us to conclude that this festive ritual, as a testing ground for all social classes, served as a vehicle for creating stronger, more enduring communities. Indeed, it forged a sense of belonging through shared practices and experiences, resulting in the creation of a conventus and an ecclesiological consensus. Nevertheless, this vision is primarily that of the bishops, and as this study is also concerned with individual and community experiences, therefore we also analyze the feast as a space for negotiation and conflict. In short, this research sheds light on how this ritual went beyond its initial role to become an essential element of Gaul’s cultic landscape. It offers a fascinating insight into how Rogations shaped community identity and served as a catalyst for social cohesion in a crucial period of Christian history in Gaul.

The Council of Troyes, wich opened on January 13, 1129, confirms an initiative born in the East nine years earlier. Knights had then expressed the will to live in a religious way, by making the triple monastic vow of poverty, chastity and obedience, while continuing to practice the profession of arms in order to protect pilgrims on the roads of the Holy Land. Recognized by the papacy in Troyes and endowed with a rule, the « Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon » became the first military order in history. The Order of the Hospital, which already existed in Jerusalem and whose missions was to care for the poor sick, gradually became militarized in the middle of the 12th century, drawing inspiration from the example of the Temple. Templars and Hospitallers subsequently inspired all other military orders. A historiographical tradition of the Crusades has long maintained the idea of two enemy orders whose conflicts caused the loss of the Latin States of the East. The study of two centuries of common coexistence between Templars and Hospitallers in the Holy Land allows us to bury this image and see how much these military orders influenced each other. It aslo helps to restore the truth about the relationship between the brothers of the two orders. At the frontiers of comparative history, this study follows the chronological framework of the masters of the Temple and the Hospital, making it possible to highlight the importance of the decisions of these men. Thematic studies on the organization of these two orders, their structures, their rules, the images that they transmit and their role in some great events of the Latin States of the East make it possible to understand the links wich united them, as well as the how they influenced each other. We have too often noted their political rivalry, in a kingdom of Jerusalem where the absence of a strong royal power quickly gave them complete freedom. In the same way, we have too often forgotten the price that Templars and Hospitallers paid together on the battlefields of the Holy Land, behaving like what they were : brothers in arms.