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À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les femmes allemandes ont subi des crimes de violence sexuelle perpétrés par les troupes alliées. Les vétérans britanniques ayant participé aux opérations militaires et à l’occupation de l’Allemagne gardent des souvenirs marquants de ces crimes et des victimes allemandes. L’analyse de leurs témoignages écrits et oraux, diffusés entre 1980 et 2010, démontre que les vétérans britanniques construisent le récit mémoriel de leur expérience de guerre d’une façon qui leur permet non seulement de préserver leur propre réputation, mais également celle de l’armée. Ils mobilisent ainsi plusieurs processus narratifs pour assurer une image positive du groupe auquel ils appartiennent. Cela se traduit notamment par une tentative de se présenter en héros sauveurs des victimes allemandes agressées par les autres Alliés et par une volonté de démontrer au public que les soldats britanniques ne se livraient pas à ce type de crime. En se distanciant des actes commis par les autres Alliés, les vétérans britanniques cherchent ainsi à présenter leur armée comme une institution disciplinée.

Fruit de plusieurs années de travail et d’échanges, ce recueil est un ouvrage inédit de Yakov Rabkin. Auteur d’audience internationale et historien des sciences renommé, il y réunit une synthèse de ses travaux sur le judaïsme agrémenté de récits de ses voyages et rencontres en Asie et en Afrique. En tant que tel, il constitue un ouvrage de première importance aussi bien en ce qui concerne la spiritualité judaïque que son histoire contemporaine. Le résultat en est un texte qui peut intéresser aussi bien les savants que tout un chacun. Il souligne au fil de ses chapitres les points d’unité entre les religions monothéistes, rappelant que les valeurs traditionnelles essentielles du judaïsme sont proches de celles de l’islam. Ce livre s’articule en trois parties : une première constituant une introduction au judaïsme et quelques thèmes reliés à l’éthique tels que la honte ou le pardon, une seconde sur les relations entre judaïsme et l’islam et une troisième sur les relations du judaïsme avec la modernité, que ce soit scientifique ou politique. Les études qui composent le présent recueil développent une approche historique qui se garde de la polémique. Son analyse met en relief l’instrumentalisation de l’histoire à des finalités politiques dans le prolongement de son essai précédent, Au nom de la Torah. Comme dans tous les ouvrages essentiels, l’ensemble révèle à chaque page de nouveaux prolongements. Chaque chapitre est une invitation à approfondir son approche et affiner son regard dans une ouverture intellectuelle enrichissante et stimulante. Ce livre ouvre une perspective d’échanges, de dialogue et de tolérance avec l’autre, qu’on partage ou non ses idées ou ses croyances. Ce qui n’est pas la moindre des utilités de ce livre.

En 1945, quelques mois après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, débutent les premiers procès contre les criminels de guerre nazis. Ces derniers, dont l’organisation a rapidement été ajoutée aux objectifs de guerre des Alliés, doivent permettre aux nations victimes des crimes nazis de juger et de châtier les criminels de guerre. Cet article cherche à démontrer la manière dont les avocats de la défense ont pu exploiter les failles dans le droit mis en place par les Alliés et les réponses de la poursuite. Le présent article met donc l’accent sur les différents arguments amenés par les avocats de la défense qui, par leurs actions et leur volonté de respecter l’intégrité des procédures judiciaires, ont également contribué à démontrer la bonne volonté des Alliés à instaurer un nouveau système qui soit juste et non basé sur la vengeance.

Un article de la revue Bulletin d'histoire politique, diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

Ces actes sont le fruit d’une réflexion entreprise il y a plus de trois ans par un collectif de chargées et chargés de cours de Montréal et de l’Outaouais, réflexion qui s’est soldée par un colloque intitulé Subalternité et agentivité : les enseignantes et enseignants contractuels au sein des universités du XXIe siècle. L’intention des initiatrices et initiateurs était d’aborder la situation des personnes chargées de cours de l’intérieur, et bien que nous soyons arrivés à la conclusion que le concept de subalternité rendait difficilement compte de l’agentivité de celles-ci, nous n’en appelons pas moins à un renouveau du cadre et des outils d’analyse. Nos actes sont le reflet d’une réflexion en cours, à la fois foisonnante, complexe et critique, sur la place grandissante, mais toujours marginale, des personnes chargées de cours dans nos universités. Après une première partie dressant un portrait général des emplois contractuels dans l’économie du savoir, notamment dans le monde universitaire, la deuxième aborde plus spécifiquement le quotidien des chargées et chargés de cours. Une troisième traite des concepts servant à décrire cette réalité, alors que la dernière offre une synthèse du panel de clôture, une conclusion en forme de manifeste, ainsi qu’un hommage au collègue Michel Sarra-Bournet, à qui est dédié ce cahier. C’est là, à notre connaissance, le premier ouvrage collectif et scientifique traitant de la réalité des chargées et chargés de cours au Québec et au Canada – et qui plus est, il le fait à partir du point de vue des actrices et acteurs concernés.

"Was the end of the First World War a catalyst for progress or the harbinger of future conflict? The essays in this collection address the impact of the end of the First World War, with a focus on the extent to which the end of the war and the Paris peace process encouraged or disrupted the nascent international order. The focus is on western Europe, particularly France. Among the topics addressed are the relationship between gender and peace activism, international and trans-Atlantic connections, and the significance of French domestic politics to international relations. Collectively, the essays extend the ongoing debate about the success of the Treaty of Versailles: they add nuance to the debate by showing how particular issues combined both success and failure. The volume should be of interest to military, diplomatic, and international historians, with particular chapters of interest to a wider range of scholars in European history.

This article explores how the feminisation of Western-style confectionery was critical in bridging sweetness with modernity in interwar Japan. By examining three categories of Japanese women – the ‘female worker’, the ‘modern girl’ and the ‘good wife, wise mother’, it argues that the sweetness of Western-style confectionery was associated with the female body due to women's extensive involvement in the production process and performances in visual advertisements. As these women helped construct the cultural imagination of Western-style confectionery as a feminised product, their presence also unfolds the key links between Japan's rising consumer culture and the empire's growing power.

This thesis analyses the women that came before the judiciary system in Montreal for a question of honour between 1698 and 1756. The analysis focuses on the power dynamics experience by these women. Seduction, rape, prostitution and slander trial archives serve as the basis for this study. In eighteenth-century Montreal, honour an essential capital to possess because without it women could experience marginalization within the society. Female honour essentially linked to their sexuality and the justice system going to either help or harm the women depending on the transgression of the sexual norms in place in the society. The analysis will focus on the litigants, on the power dynamics between the women and the men and between the women themselves. On the one hand, this study accords an extreme importance to the agency of the principal actors in the trials. On the other hand, this study focuses on the intersectional power dynamics. In this thesis, we ask: how does gender, race and social status influence the course of justice? Does justice play the same role for every woman in a trial linked to her honour? Which factors influence the differential treatment of the women during a trial? I will answer these questions by analyzing the litigants, the power dynamics between the men and the women and between the women themselves and the relations between the women, their family and the society.

This article addresses one of the central questions that has animated the field of children's history in recent years: how to go beyond the paradigm of agentivity in the interpretation of the evidences left by children? What interpretative schemes are proposed to replace it? Before addressing this issue and the archival and methodological challenges inherent to it, we propose an overview of the field of children's history. The goal is to offer a French-speaking readership an overview of some of the epistemological reflections that animate this branch of the historical discipline. Exploring themes such as the relationship between voice, experience, emotion and agentivity, the process of constructing the narrative of childhood through archives, and the benefits of transnational perspectives, this text is a plea for a renewal of children's history in the francophone world.

In the 1960s, Uruguay endured an economic crisis that quickly turned into a conflict between the National Liberation Movement-Tupamaros (MLN-T) and the state then ruled by Juan María Bordaberry of the Colorado Party. The radicalization of the MLN-T and the rise of State repression granted growing power to the Armed Forces, leading to the coup d'État of June 27, 1973 followed by the establishment of a civic-military dictatorship. The next twelve years were marked by repression, censorship, violence and numerous disappearances. Like other Latin American Cold War dictatorships, Uruguay joined Operation Condor: a South American network led by the United States with the goal of tracking down and annihilating political opponents. The 1985 elections marked the end of the dictatorship and return of democracy. However, in the aftermath of the victory of Julio María Sanguinetti of the Colorado party, a struggle erupted in the heart of society over who was to blame for the country’s fall into authoritarianism, state repression and violence. On the one hand, the Armed Forces were accused of abuse of power and crimes against humanity. On the other, some defended the military as though they had saved the country from the “subversive” threat. This study analyzes Uruguay’s transitional process which, unlike its Latin American counterparts, has not included a formal mechanism for the search for truth upon the return of democracy. Uruguay rather chose to amnesty the Tupamaros detained during the dictatorship, all the while promulgating the Law of Caducity which granted impunity to the military. By collecting different perspectives on the recent past through art and cultural productions produced by civil society after le return du democracy, this thesis studies the evolution of memorial speeches as they are expressed in public spaces. Our goal is to better understand how memorial discourses emerge in a country where democratic remedies have confirmed impunity.

In 1969, in a well-established European Economic Community (EEC) under the neo-Gaullist presidency of Georges Pompidou, Germany stood as a model for France, looking for an effective industrial policy and a recovery of its rank on the international scene. Since the mid 1960s the international monetary system had been weakened by the growing US debt. France wanted to be the leader of the economic and monetary union (EMU). This political decision was a means to improve its economy confronted with the instability of the international monetary system. As pointed out by Jacques Rueff, « L’Europe se fera par la monnaie ou ne se fera pas. » During this period, from the relaunch of the EMU (December 1969) to the Maastricht Treaty (February 1992), French economic action was based on a strong political will defined to reinforce the relationships with the Federal German Republic, and then the reunified Germany. The Franco-German monetary relationships aimed to promote a strong and independent Europe and to restore an exchange rate stability. The “golden standard” stability myth was viewed and understood differently in France and Germany. If recent historical studies have been partially devoted to the consequences of European monetary policies (essentially in France) on economic and monetary integration in the EEC, they focused on the 1974-1981 or 1981-1986 periods. The creation of the EMU was a dynamic process running from December 1969 to February 1992. Franco-German monetary relationships included two levels of decision-making. First, on the political level, there was the presidency, the chancellery, the European Commission and the ministers. Second, its counterpart, economic power. The latter requires analysis of the role played by central banks in the definition and application of monetary policies. This dichotomy illustrates the progressive transition between the political level and the economic level during the 1980s. The decline of politics and the primacy of economics were analyzed differently in France and Germany. Political and economic objectives and expectations were contrasted and divergent. This study demonstrates that the EMU dynamic was an economic process where politics gave way to economics. Monetary relations were asymmetric. The real interlocutor of French political authorities was German economic power, represented by the Bundesbank. The Franco-German tandem was a political myth broken by world economy liberalization. For Germany, the EMU was a device to define a European Germany in a federal Europe. In France, it represented an illusory means to restore French primacy for conservative and liberal governments and a way of compensating a failing ideology for socialist governments. The EMU provided monetary stability, but the dream of a powerful and independent Europe vanished with the Maastricht treaty. Even as it rejected the idea of European political union defended by the German diplomacy, France paradoxically laid the foundations of a German Europe.

Known to the scholarly milieu of historians, Roman history reached the general public during the 20th century in various forms: cinema, literature, schools and museum exhibitions. The emperor Augustus is important in Roman history for his transformative role of the Roman world. Born in 63 BC and died in 14 AD, Augustus became the founder of a new political regime, the Principate, replacing the Roman Republic, and making Augustus the first Emperor. He thus marks the history of the Roman Empire until its fall, and will still influence the entire European and Western world twenty centuries later. In 1937, the Mostra Augustea della Romanità is an Italian exhibition organized under the fascist regime celebrating the “idea of Rome” – the Romanità –, and wanting to amalgamate Augustus with Mussolini. This exhibition is analyzed in comparison with two other exhibitions (Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik, Berlin, 1988; and Augusto/Moi, Auguste, Empereur de Rome, Rome/Paris, 2013/2014). The research focuses on the museum representation of Augustus and on the relation of the historiography still evolving with each exhibition. The exhibition catalogs are the main source for exhibited artifacts, themes, research, and storytelling. Each exhibition is put in its context and compared to their contemporary historiography, centered on outstanding works of their time. Thus, these exhibitions are tinted by their time, but in turn influence contemporary and future popular historical culture and as for academia. Museological work is not only popularization of historical discourse for the general public, but also participatory work in historiography.

Charles the Bald’s reign was a period of political and ideological transformations for the carolingian royalty. The troubles with the Breton and Spanish march along with the external raids are probably the sources of tension which have captured the most attention from medievalists. The so-called armorican emancipatory quest or the personal and familial ambitions of the septimanian and iberian magnates are still cited as evidences of the weakening of Carolingian political power following the 843 treaty of Verdun. By focusing on the king’s conflict resolution policies in these two territories, apparently hostile to his power, this study wants to establish wheter the tensions in the marches were as complex and irremediable as the primary sources suggested. By comparing the field policies visible in the royal charters, we noticed that theses troubles were not fundamentally different from those present elsewhere in the kingdom. The strategies employed by the king shows that the royalty had the means to overcome these obstacles and to affirm his political supremacy. Noticeably, these oppositions do not seem to be so particular. The political and economic issues that they were impliying were reflecting the main political concerns of the Carolingian kings following the 840-843 civil war. It was important to them to promote their divine legitimacy as well as appearing as the only political choice for the kingdom’s elites.

This master’s thesis analyses the place that the dead occupied in the rivalries that took place between Catholics and Protestants in France under the Edict of Nantes. It will be studied through the 3,660 pages of pastor Élie Benoist’s L’Histoire de l’édit de Nantes contenant les choses les plus remarquables qui se sont passées en France avant et après sa publication, à l’occasion de la diversité des Religions : Et principalement les Contraventions, Inexecutions, Chicanes, Artifices, Violences, & autres Injustices, que les Réformez se plaignent d’y avoir souffertes, jusques à l’édit de révocation en Octobre 1685. Avec ce qui a suivi ce nouvel Édit jusques à présent aux attaques perpétrées par les catholiques (1693-1695). This research will thus investigate a subject which has only been superficially studied by the historians of death: the treatment of Protestant dead and cemeteries by the Catholics during the period of application of the Edict of Nantes. In the first chapter, the historiographic assessment of the history of death gives a better understanding of the intellectual and emotional context of Benoist’s references to the dead and to cemeteries. At first glance, they seem to be lost in the overabundance of details that Benoist puts forward to condemn the persecutions that the French Protestants had to suffer between the Wars of Religion and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. But in chapter two, we discover that these testimonies are part of a larger plan that allows the pastor to build his argument on solid evidence. In order to fully grasp the construction of Benoist’s story and the methods he uses to communicate his thoughts, we decided to divide his work in ten periods, separated by events that led to a change in the application of the Edict. We will then be able to understand that, by using a rigorous historic methodology, though marked by rhetorical process that tended toward generalisations, Élie Benoist managed to offer his personal vision of the period, and to defend it through traces of history. Based on this information, we will be able, in chapter three, to study in depth the different aggressions inflicted to Huguenot dead and to show the difference between the aggressions committed by the state, the church and the population. In doing so, we will see that Benoist’s will was not only to promote the value of confessional coexistence, but also, by the litany of the complaints against the Catholic treatment of Huguenot dead, to maybe call his Protestant contemporaries to resistance.

A direct access to the foundational texts of the Christian faith in vernacular languages was part of the basic demands of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. The French linguistic domaine was no exception in this regard. Henri Estienne, in his Apologie pour Hérodote, alludes to a specific anonymous literature dedicated to this question in response to biblical censorship in the 1540’s. Our investigations in these primary sources lead our attention on two pamphlets which have remained almost unknown to most bibliographers: 1) TRAICTE AUQUEL / est deduict s’il est loisible de / lire la saincte Escriture en / langue Vulgaire, & / du fruict qui en peult sortir. (s.l.n.d. , 80, italique, 94 p., signé a-f8, marginales, titres courants, 2 initiales ornées (a 2r0; 3v0). 2) TRAITE, / QU’IL EST NECESSAIRE / QUE TOUTES GENS DE QUEL- / que qualité, sexe, ou aage, qu’ils / soient, lisent les Saintes Escri- / tures : Et du moyen qu’on / y peut tenir. (s.l., s.n., 1561, avec une marque aux palmes du martyr couronnées), 80, italique, 36 ff., signé A-D8, E4, marginales, titres courants, 1 initiale (Aii ro). These two treatises clearly disclose a protestant and reformed content. Moreover, the numerous biblical, literary and patristic quotations they contain, more specificaly the 1561 edition, show that they where penned by master’s and not by disciples. Many candidates to their authorship have been considered and among these it is the religious work of Pierre Viret that offers the most ressemblances with the two pamphlets. The observations summed up to this day have convinced us that the first booklet, published in 1544 and mentioned for the first time in 1549 in the Parisian catalogue of prohibited books (Index de Paris, with the notice 1543) forms the editio princeps of an unprecedented work of the Swiss Reformer. It is part of our thesis that this booklet was later completely rewritten by Pierre Viret and published in Paris in 1561 under a new title. The Viretian paternity of these two tracts will be proven in the present research with the help of quotations, textual connections and other arguments based on the internal and external criticism of primary sources. Here follows a brief summary of our demonstration. The analysis of the first booklet (henceforth: T1) reveals a tight relationship with the style and ideas of Pierre Viret as can be seen in his works printed between 1542 and 1555. Among the reminiscent passages, one must point out many borrowings from De la difference qui est entre les superstitions et idolatries des anciens gentilz et payens… (Geneva, 1542), an important work which Viret has often reused in his subsequent writings. We also found a brief extract of T1 in the Dialogues du desordre qui est a present au monde (Geneva, 1545) and in the Métamorphose chrestienne (1561), which prove a later reuse of this source by Viret. A carefull reading of T1 also reveals an import from Marie Dentière’s Epistre tresutile (1539) and Calvin’s Epistre monstrant comment Christ est la fin de la loi (1543). Our findings have also allowed us to put forward plausible and instructive suggestions, which still need to be validated, regarding the immediate editorial context of T1. On this matter, one will note that T1 was released when editions of the Bible, the Psalter and the New Testament were regularly and largely printed both in Geneva and Lyon. These geographical area were two biblical publishing centers following very similar patterns of eristic and religious discourses. Several issues were parts of confessional polarization on both sides. Our research on T1 was extended with the discovery of the 1561 treatise mentioned earlier (henceforth: T2). A carefull comparison of the two treatises suggests that latter is a profoundly reviewed reedition of the former. We are the first to have made this connexion. Viret’s well known literary habits, specially since the mid 1550’s, confirm this hypothesis. However a meticulous comparative study between T2 and Viret’s contemporary writings had to be undertaken before drawing any conclusion. The results of the inquiry are eloquent: T2 overlaps with most of his books published between 1559 and 1565 (strict textual kinship of ideas and style, verbatim recoveries, paraphrases). T2 even picks up a short extract from an important work De la difference qui est entre les supersitions (1542), a book we have underscored, with other historians, the value in Viret's bibliographical and literary repertoire. In short, our findings can be summarized as follows: T1 borrows from Viret, Viret borrows from T1 and T2, and the latter draws from T1 and Viret. Viret probably composed T2 shortly after he left Geneva for France (at the end of September 1561). Nîmes is the most likely location where he wrote this tract. Internal indications, to which external testimonies can be added, lead us to think that Viret wrote this short pamphlet with the intention of rallying the King of Navarre, his court and the nobility to the Reformed faith that is at a key moment when the Huguenots where largely increasing in numbers accross the kingdom, especially in the Southern cities where highly ranked families and many intellectuals enthousiastically clinged to the protestant theses. Hence, in the beginning of the 1560’s, Hugenots where forming a genuine political strength capable to inflect the Kingdom’s destiny in its most sensitive center: the monarchy. T2's context falls in line with the colloque de Poissy, an important event that took place in Paris between September 9 and October 14, 1561. There are reasons to believe that Viret's second treatise was largely disseminated in the French capital city since the printed typographical characters match those used by Nicolas Edoard and Charles Pesnot, namely two protestant printers active at the time of the Poissy colloquium. Differing on this particular point from T1, T2 was thus produced at a time when the process of "confession-building" of religious discourses was making it all the more evident that two conflictual and irreconcilable ecclesiologies were at stake within the same kingdom. In short, the religious debates where now deploying under a political spin. Hence, T2 appeared at a very critical moment when religious debates revolved around the political implications of the decline of the Catholic Valois and the rise of the Protestant Bourbons. Less than a year after the publishing of T2, on 2 April 1562, Condé and his Protestant followers seized the city of Orléans. Their example was soon followed by Protestant groups across the realm. The same year saw the outbreak of the first of the eight religious wars that would plague the kingdom during the rest of the century. By his immense literary input, to which our thesis now adds two new primary sources (which the reader will find herein with scientific annotations), and by his intensive fieldwork as a reformer – both in the Genevan-Swiss milieu and in France since the early 1560’s up until his death in 1571 (one year before the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre) – Pierre Viret will have not only been an important witness but a leading protagonist of the debate over the democratization of the Bible in the vernacular and the theological evolution surrounding this major controversy of the Reformation and post-Reformation era.

Migratory movements from Quebec between the mid-19th century and 1930 led to the establishment of Francophone communities in various regions of North America, thus creating contexts favourable to the formulation of historical discourse. In the course of this dissertation, we analyze whether this discourse contributed to the great historical narrative of the French-Canadian nation, or if it proposed a region-specific narrative. The dissertation compares the historiography produced in Quebec to that emerging in the periphery, in Ontario, Western Canada and New England, examining more specifically the representations of historical territory and the development of a discours d’enracinement (or a sense of rootedness). This comparative study provides a better understanding of the dynamics between regions and nation that influence historical narrative in French Canadian history. Spanning more than a century, the study focuses on certain key moments in historical production in Quebec and in the selected regions we study. By drawing parallels between historical production in Quebec and in various minority settings, we examine the points of convergence and divergences between historical work in the regions and in Quebec. This dissertation therefore examines the place of the nation and the region in historical discourse, through the analysis of the discours d’enracinement or sense of rootedness, in order to understand the role it plays in Quebec’s historiography and in historical work being produced in the French Canadian diaspora until the 1960s. The objective here is to highlight regional experiences and the similarities and contrasts that have generally escaped researchers.

The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 allowed the Cold War historiography to renew itself: social and cultural dimensions are acknowledged and the outlook on the cultural material emanating from USSR can be analyzed with more scientific objectivity and an appeased perspective. In 1967, a new magazine appeared in many Western cities: the Sputnik Digest. Its name referred both to the Soviet satellite that fascinated the world ten years earlier and the Reader’s Digest, the famous American magazine specialized in content aggregating, the most read and sold internationally at the time. The Sputnik Digest, published on a monthly basis, even though looking similar to its American counterpart at first sight, contained texts directly extracted from official Soviet newspapers in USSR. Without doubt a propaganda tool, like its American counterpart, the magazine however offered a fresh insight of the USSR during the Cold War: from the Sputnik Digest point of view, the Soviet Union was a peaceful country, culturally rich and a great place to live in. The magazine prioritized the valorisation of the USSR as opposed to criticizing the capitalist Western powers and the United States. From that standpoint it radically diverged from the aggressive ideological tone of the Reader’s Digest. This master’s thesis, through this new perspective, will study the Sputnik Digest as a historical and cultural object between the years 1968 and 1988. By looking both at its format and content, it will examine the origins of this monthly journal, its targeted readership and the most covered themes, revealing the message of Soviet peace and goodwill that the magazine tried to spread worldwide during the Cold War.