Rechercher

Cette étude examine l’expérience des hockeyeuses de l’Université McGill de 1894 à 1941 en considérant à la fois les conditions de pratique de ce sport par les jeunes femmes et les discours genrés concernant la présence des femmes à l’université et dans les sports, plus particulièrement en ce qui a trait au hockey. La première partie se penche sur les réactions des étudiants face à l’insertion des femmes à l’Université McGill, que ce soit dans la classe ou sur la glace. Une attention particulière a été accordée aux rapports genrés dans l’univers sportif tout en tenant compte du contexte des débuts de l’accès féminin aux études supérieures. En ce sens, la présence des étudiantes au hockey et à l’université, des sphères associées à la construction de la masculinité, orchestre plusieurs réflexions : engendre-t-elle des angoisses chez leurs camarades ? Celles-ci s’avèrent-elles similaires aux discours dominants de la société québécoise ? Comment le sexe et le genre modulent-ils l’expérience des étudiantes en classe et sur la glace au début du XXe siècle ? La deuxième partie du mémoire détaille l’évolution du hockey féminin à McGill depuis ses débuts jusqu’à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle met en lumière les défis rencontrés par les joueuses en raison de leur genre. Ainsi, ce mémoire aspire à examiner les discours véhiculés par les universitaires mcgilliens envers leurs collègues féminines en tant que hockeyeuses et étudiantes. Il cherche également à donner une voix aux étudiantes dans leur quête d’égalité auprès de la communauté étudiante et à éclaircir les origines du hockey féminin au Québec.

Après une période d’effervescence économique et de relative autonomie, les élites rurales de la Galice wisigothique se replient sur elles-mêmes durant la seconde moitié du VIIe siècle. À la suite de ce repli, de nouvelles formes de monachisme et d’ascétisme se repandent parmi les élites et les populations. Ces monachismes sont fermement ancrés dans leurs paysages religieux, lesquels ont été consolidés par les aristocrates depuis le IVe siècle. Par l’utilisation de sources littéraires et des résultats de récentes fouilles archéologiques sur des sites tels que Castromao dans Celanova ou encore Santas Augas, nous relevons les interrelations entre les aristocrates, la population locale, les autorités religieuses institutionnelles, les moines et les moniales, en portant une attention particulière au paysage religieux et les réalités imposées par les terrains accidentés des montagnes du nord-ouest de l’Hispanie. Il ressort de notre recherche que les ermites et les monastères s’appuyaient sur les traditions d’un lieu afin de mieux s’intégrer aux populations locales, avec lesquels ils entretenaient des relations dynamiques. Ce travail s’intéresse également à la transformation de communautés rurales en monastères. Ces transformations étaient souvent motivées par des désirs d’autonomie et de protection du patrimoine du groupe. Ces conversions éparpillées ont mené à une fédération d’abbés cherchant à s’unir sous une même règle, la regula monastica communis, qui cherche plus à assurer la cohésion interne de la communauté que sa rigueur spirituelle.

Recent discoveries of legal and administrative documents from the Qin and early Han have allowed us to form a much better perspective on the systems these two states implemented to govern their land and people. Texts from sites such as Shuihudi, Zhangjiashan, Liye, in particular, shed much light on how the state attempted to keep track of its population, through an expansive bureaucratic system that kept census records and tied individuals to their place of residence. These technologies of governance strengthened the state and laid the foundations for subsequent bureaucratic systems. Integral to this system was the requirement that the people make their own individual census reports and aid the state in enforcing the laws through the system of linked liability. Anthony Barbieri-Low and Robin Yates’ recent publication Law, State, and Society in early Imperial China gives us a detailed overview of how the state used the legal system to govern the population. This presentation will investigate the alternate side of the topic, by looking at the people, rather than the state. Using similar source materials, particularly the legal statutes and the Book of Submitted Doubtful Cases from Zhangjiashan, my research looks at how these legal and social systems, particularly the census exercises, caused people to change their own behaviour, and how people shaped their identities through these systems. These individual attempts at governing the self functioned in tandem with the state bureaucracy, whether intentionally or not, to create a more governable population.

Cet article propose d’aborder la question de l’implication des communautés de femmes de Metz dans les mouvances de réforme en Lorraine du ixe et surtout du xe siècle et xie siècles, par le biais des récits hagiographiques et, dans une moindre mesure, historiographiques. Ces communautés sont au nombre de trois : Sainte-Glossinde, Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains et Sainte-Marie-aux-Nonnains. L’article part de l’hypothèse que ces récits constituent autant de contributions à une communauté discursive débattant, en contexte de réforme, de la définition de la vita religiosa féminine. Les démarches argumentatives adoptées par leurs auteurs recourent entre autres à des modèles de vie ascétique très anciens, notamment celui des vierges et matrones à vocation ascétique de l’Antiquité tardive.

An article from Relations, on Érudit.

This thesis is part of the contemporary history of French-speaking West Africa. Its anchor point is the theme of the CFA franc (Franc of the French community of Africa for West Africa, and Franc of the French cooperation of Africa for Central Africa) and the economic and social development project since 1960. The research is based on a multidisciplinary approach. It analyses the trade and economic policy issues that are constantly being debated at international level. The research focuses on the role of money in international relations: the case of the CFA franc between France and its former colonies in sub-Saharan Africa. For a country, independence means, above all, political, economic and social sovereignty. The CFA franc is a highly topical issue, and one that fascinates many people. In the 21st century, the CFA franc remains the only colonial currency still used by fourteen countries, twelve of which are former French colonies. These are Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Congo, Gabon, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. Equatorial Guinea (Spanish-speaking) and Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese-speaking) joined these French-speaking countries in 1984 and 1997 respectively. Faced with the development challenges of today's world, the countries that use the CFA franc are among the bottom of the class. Apart from the high rate of impoverishment, the populations of these countries are subject to the scourges of insecurity (in the Sahel and the Gulf of Guinea, for example) and emigration. Our approach has enabled us to gain a better understanding of how this currency works and its impact on the daily lives of its users.

This thesis explores the impacts of Egyptian colonialism on the Sudanese agrarian society following the 1821 conquest of the Funj Sultanate until the beginning of the Mahdist Revolution in 1881. This research goes against the Western conventional historiographical consensus affirming that the agricultural sector in Sudan suffered a long and painful decline during the whole Egyptian colonial occupation. In fact, it is the complete opposite: after the 1844 Egyptian failure to impose their plantation system, the local Sudanese elites composed of former Funj aristocrats, traders and nomadic lords, are going to reappropriate this agrarian structure for their own ends. We are, in fact, witnessing the resurgence of Sudanese agriculture under a new hybrid system. This agrarian revival is going to have major consequences on the regions of Gezira and oriental Sudan and also on all the strata of the population. It will lead to an exponential rise in the use of agricultural slavery, the collapse of the free peasant and nomad, the building of a new network of cities and the decline of the environment. During that period, the Egyptian colonial government, confined to its garrison-cities, will limit its interaction with the rural world by inefficiently trying to extract the maximum of riches with the use of violence.

Project North (PN) est une coalition œcuménique active de 1975 à 1987. À son apogée, elle est composée de 12 Églises chrétiennes. Formée dans la lignée d’un renouveau théologique et œcuménique, PN est un acteur central dans le Canada des années 1970 et 1980. Jamais explorée extensivement dans l’historiographie, PN s’inscrit à la jonction de quatre champs d’études : l’histoire du Nord, l’histoire autochtone, l’histoire religieuse et l’histoire des ressources naturelles. Au fil de son histoire, PN collabore avec plus d’une vingtaine d’organisations autochtones locales, régionales et nationales sur une multitude d’enjeux marquants de l’époque. En entretenant des liens de confiance avec celles-ci, PN contribue à la transmission et à la diffusion de leurs revendications à un large auditoire. Son rôle dans l’évolution d’enjeux nordiques a été essentiel et ne peut pas être mis en veilleuse, tout particulièrement dans le cadre de la Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois, de la Commission Berger et de la Northern Native Rights Campaign. L’étude détaillée de son histoire administrative montre toutefois que PN agit selon une optique de nordicité religieuse, c’est-à-dire une vision chrétienne du Nord influencée par une théologie structurée et complexe. Le Nord de PN est un Nord chrétien, vierge de péchés sociaux et de vastes projets de développement de ressources naturelles. Ceci l’amène à entretenir des relations indifférentes, voire hostiles, avec certaines organisations autochtones dont les finalités souhaitées divergent de celles de la coalition.

The transatlantic shipping of live cattle from the St. Lawrence during the late 19th century reveals a complex meshwork of human-animal relations, economic priorities, and environmental challenges.

This study delves into the history of the Rogation feast, examining its origin, evolution and role in the creation of community identity in 5th and 6th century Gaul. Adopting a cross-approach between history and anthropology highlights the importance of this ritual for the communities of the period and the narrative surrounding it, as orchestrated by the bishops of Gaul and by various actors. By examining the corpus of sources relating to the first Rogations at this period, we discover how this feast served as an apotropaic ritual and collective penance to cope with various difficulties, such as epidemics and droughts, first in the Rhone valley and then throughout Gaul. Thus, the narrative surrounding this festival and how it fostered community adhesion are at the heart of this study. Broader questions, such as the development of collective practices including fasts, prayers and processions, and the way in which the Rogation narrative connected with biblical origins and became rooted in the episcopal sphere, are also put forward. These observations lead us to conclude that this festive ritual, as a testing ground for all social classes, served as a vehicle for creating stronger, more enduring communities. Indeed, it forged a sense of belonging through shared practices and experiences, resulting in the creation of a conventus and an ecclesiological consensus. Nevertheless, this vision is primarily that of the bishops, and as this study is also concerned with individual and community experiences, therefore we also analyze the feast as a space for negotiation and conflict. In short, this research sheds light on how this ritual went beyond its initial role to become an essential element of Gaul’s cultic landscape. It offers a fascinating insight into how Rogations shaped community identity and served as a catalyst for social cohesion in a crucial period of Christian history in Gaul.

Authorized on December 31, 1914, the 41st Battalion (French-Canadian) of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was destined to follow in the footsteps of the renowned 22nd Battalion and fight on the western front. However, only seven months after its formation, this multiethnic unit made up of French-Canadian and foreign volunteers was disbanded due to a wave of insubordination that included a record number of infractions, desertions by the hundreds, several corruption scandals, widespread drunkenness and the cold- blooded murder of two Canadian servicemen. Long forgotten, the case of the 41st Battalion was examined for the first time in 1974 by historian Desmond Morton, who attributed the unit’s failure to the shortcomings of its officers. We find this interpretation acceptable, albeit limited. While Morton convincingly demonstrated the incompetence of the Battalion’s officers, his traditional approach to military history fails to unveil the mechanisms by which indiscipline was allowed to spread among the rank and file. This thesis, grounded in the micro-historical approach, shifts the analysis from a top-down to a bottom-up perspective, emphasizing the social, cultural and circumstantial factors which played into the unit’s collapse. Drawing from unpublished sources including court-martial reports and personnel record files of the 41st Battalion, this study reveals a widespread lack of cohesion within the unit. In the strange case of the 41st Battalion, discipline thus depends not only on the individual qualities of the officers, but also on the quality of interpersonal relationships among the rank and file.

In this article, we examine how in the 1960s the political leadership in Anjou, a suburban community in the Greater Montreal region, cultivated the stereotypical ideal of a bourgeois residential suburb in contrast with its actual dynamics of development in the metropolitan region. Our analysis focuses on three dimensions of the suburban ideal: residential monofunctionalism, political autonomy, and an exclusive and apolitical community. For each of these dimensions, we show how Anjou’s political leadership grappled with a complex reality and adapted the suburban ideal to ensure that their community, dependent as it was on metropolitan infrastructure and a host to heavy industry, could still be considered an ideal suburb. Our contribution speaks to the material and political impacts of such representation in a more complex set of processes of suburban and metropolitan development.

Au sortir de la Première Guerre mondiale, l’intervention antisoviétique fut avant tout motivée par l’étranglement de la contagion bolchevique. La France, comme treize autres puissances, à des degrés divers, y eut sa part. D’abord de manière indirecte en Sibérie, en cornaquant la légion tchèque, puis après la réouverture de la Mer Noire avec l’armistice de 1918, de manière directe, moyennant l’envoi de troupes françaises. Michael Jabara Carley montre, en nous immergeant dans les archives françaises, qu’il s’agissait alors de s’emparer de l’Ukraine et du Donbass, d’une part pour priver les bolcheviques de l’accès aux zones céréalières et minières afin de provoquer l’effondrement de ceux-ci et, d’autre part, de faire main basse sur cet immense réservoir de ressources à exporter vers la France à un prix fixé par celle-ci : en le « colonisant ». Ces plans initiaux durent constamment être revus à la baisse (jusqu’au fiasco final après les mutineries des soldats français) du fait d’un faisceau de variables sous-estimées lors de cette intervention : absence totale de soutien à celle-ci de la population russe ; troupes françaises récalcitrantes à se faire tuer en combattant des prolétaires russes afin de sauver les intérêts de la bourgeoisie française, après déjà plus de quatre années de boucherie à son service ; contamination galopante de ces troupes par le bolchevisme ; opinion publique française remontée contre cette intervention juste après la dévastation de la guerre mondiale ; absence de fiabilité des troupes alliées « russes blanches » et sans base populaire, au contraire de l’Armée rouge dévouée et disciplinée. « Il est arrivé ce qui devait arriver – l’échec complet d’une aventure ridicule. » Général P.-H. d’Anselme, commandant des troupes françaises et alliées en Russie méridionale en 1919, au général Berthelot.

In the spring of 1936, the Soviet effort to build an anti-Nazi alliance was failing. Stalin continued nevertheless to support diplomatic efforts to stop Nazi aggression in Europe. In Stalin’s Failed Alliance, the sequel to Stalin’s Gamble, Michael Jabara Carley continues his re-evaluation of European diplomacy during the critical events between May 1936 and August 1939. This narrative history examines the great crises of the pre-war period – the Spanish Civil War, Anschluss, and Munich accords – as well as both the last Soviet efforts to organize an anti-Nazi alliance in the spring–summer of 1939 and Moscow’s shocking volte-face, the signature of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact. Carley’s history traces the lead-up to the outbreak of war in Europe on 1 September 1939 and sheds light on the Soviet Union’s efforts to organize a defensive alliance against Nazi Germany, in effect rebuilding the anti-German Entente of the First World War. The author argues for the sincerity of Soviet overtures to the western European powers and that the non-aggression pact was a last-ditch response to the refusal of other states, especially Britain and France, to conclude an alliance with the USSR against Nazi Germany. Drawing on extensive archival research in Soviet and Western archival papers, Stalin’s Failed Alliance aims to see the European crisis of the 1930s through Soviet eyes.

Giustina Renier Michiel, one of the most prolific female authors of early nineteenth-century Italy, is often remembered and celebrated as a Venetian patriot. During her lifetime, however, her literary identity was neither singular nor completely cohesive. Indeed, reading her manuscript writing alongside her more famous publications (including her history of Venetian festivals) illustrates the delicate balance Italian authors needed to maintain in order to ensure their continued literary success in a period marked by multiple and rapid regime changes. While obliged to work within the power structures established by their new political overlords, they nonetheless needed to remain sensitive to the tastes of Italian readers, who were subjected to the political occupation of their territory. Renier Michiel's experience demonstrates how it was possible to balance patriotism, political deference, and professional self-promotion with the goal of establishing a lasting cultural legacy.

Biographical writing in the early nineteenth century offers a window onto the malleability of gender norms for Italian women in the period. In the world of letters, women writers deemed worthy of biographical treatment after their deaths were often ascribed masculine traits. Attributes such as intelligence and courage, when they complemented a women’s “feminine essence,” served to illustrate her superiority over her female peers. In this sense, posthumous, laudatory biographies constituted signs of both intellectual and social success of women who could simultaneously abide by the constraints of femininity and move beyond them. The current essay demonstrates the conditions that made departures from gender norms possible following the French Revolution in Venice by studying the cases of Giustina Renier Michiel and Isabella Teotochi Albrizzi.

Les archives d'une association missionnaire à Rome conservent des lettres de catholiques du Québec datant des 19e et 20e siècles. Ces fidèles offraient un don d'un, cinq ou vingt-cinq sous pour "acheter un petit Chinois", croyant contribuer ainsi à sauver l'âme d'enfants en besoin de rédemption. Que révèlent ces histoires intimes sur les rapports à la religion, à la colonisation, à soi, à l'autre ?