Rechercher

The present study on the colonies of Andros is driven by the need to increase our knowledge of the northern colonies as a whole. Northern Greece is the least well documented of the regions which were reached by the 8th and 7th c. B.C. Greek colonists. Not only does the study of the Andrian colonies augment the available documentation on the northern Greeks, it also provides an opportunity to examine one mother-city's overall colonization process. Through the sum of ancient sources and archaeological data pertaining to the four Andrian colonies, the study attempts to lay out the socio-economic history of the colonies as a whole and as separate entities. Such aspects as: 1) The foundation dates; the colonization process; 2) the relations with the indigenous populations; and 3) the economic relations with the other Greek colonies in the region, as well as the major centers of the Greek mainland, are examined. There is first question of the colonizing enterprises undertaken by Eretria, Chalcis, and Paros so that a general understanding of the overall colonization of the northern Aegean coast can be obtained. The resulting synthesis helps fill in the gaps in the history of the Andrian colonies caused by the lack of primary sources for the latter, whether they be literary or archaeological. The socio-economic history of the colonies from the time of their foundation to the end of the 5th c. B.C. which is based on the analysis of the preliminary study of the Parian and Euboean colonization in the north, the ancient sources, and the archaeological remnants, taken in conjunction with what is known of the indigenous population, is the end result of the study. Though literary sources date the foundation of the colonies to 655/54, based on the archaeological evidence available, it is established that the colonies were founded within the 3rd quarter of the 7th c. B.C. An orderly pattern of colonization seems to have prevailed in that the colonies were established successively in accordance with the previous colonization efforts by the city-states of Euboea and the pre-established sea route the geographical emplacement of Andros imposes. Therefore, Sane, situated on the isthmus of Acte, and apparently colonized with the help of the Chalcidians, was the first to be settled, then came in order, Akanthos, Stagira, Argilos, and perhaps Tragilos. It is concluded, with relative probability, That Tragilos was also an Andrian colony established in the lst half of the 6th century. It has also been deemed highly probable that the colonies, after the initial foundation of Sane, were in part settled by land and that Thracian tribes, residing at both extremities of the Andrian periphery, undoubtedly contributed in the actual colonization process. The 6th and 5th centuries witnessed the gradual increase of commercial importance of the northern colonies reflected, in the lst half of the 6th c. by the influx of Corinthian pottery, no doubt due to the foundation of Potidaea, and of Thasian pottery. The trend of growing commercial interactions is characterized in the 2nd half of the 6th c. with the marked presence of Athenian pottery and the start of coining at three of the four colonies. Spurred by the Persian and general eastern demand for silver, Stagira and Akanthos began to mint coins around 530 B.C. while Argilos, which never seemed to have direct access to silver mines, only began around 510 B.C. The fact that Sane seems to have remained coinless throughout its existence suggests that it was primarily a settlement of an agricultural nature and that Akanthos may actually have exerted a hegemony of sorts over it. Strong bonds with the east meant that the Akanthian coin production was dominant in the area as of the end of the last Persian War until their production ceased in 380 B.C., ousting Stagira out of the picture during the course of this period. Argilos ceased production as of the middle of the 5th century which is to be attributed to a shift in Athenian interest in the region represented by the drop of the tribute to be paid to Athens by Argilos from 10.5 talents to 1 talent in 116/5, the increase from 3 talents to 30 talents in the Thasian tribute for the same year, the foundation of Amphipolis, and the Athenian presence at Berge which has been closely linked to the minting of coins at Tragil os. As the Athenian empire began to dwindle following the Peloponnesian Wars, the history of the colonies becomes intertwined with that of the growing Macedonian power which, by the middle of the 4th century would control the entire region. Overall, it would seem that Sane was commercially inactive throughout its existence, Stagira was able to exploit and profit from the nearby silver mines from the middle of the 6th c. until about 480 when it gradually started to lose importance to Akanthos, which remained a strong and independent city well into the 4th century, while Argilos, though probably more important than Akanthos for part of the 5th c., regretfully became insignificant, especially after the foundation of Amphipolis in 437 B.C.

The rise of the European socialist movement under the leadership of the Second International at the turn of the century and its breakup with the outbreak of the 1914 war is a persistent historical problem. The contradiction is obvious. Here was a movement that firmly proclaimed "proletarian internationalism", but which, when the time came to implement it, affirmed the necessity of "national defense". The concrete forms of this contradiction are illuminated by a study of the impact of the rise of imperialism on the internationalism of French and German socialists in the period leading up to the war, from the London Congress of 1896 to the resolution of the Agadir crisis in 1912. The Second International is a movement whose organizational and practical forms are rooted in a national framework, while its fundamental conceptions are those of internationalism. Imperialism reinforces this contradiction, and becomes at the same time the source of a concretization of socialist internationalism in theory, and of its abandonment in practice. Emphasizing the analysis of internationalism as a political rather than a cultural or sentimental phenomenon, this work demonstrates the existence of a chasm between the theoretical discourse and the practice of the movement. The rise of imperialism is accompanied by the rise of reformism within the socialist movement, which, along with other phenomena, reinforces its national tendencies. The national tendencies of the movement persisted at key moments, notably the imperialist crises of Tangier (1905) and Agadir (1911), to the point of calling into question the internationalist foundations of the movement.

Migratory movements from Quebec between the mid-19th century and 1930 led to the establishment of Francophone communities in various regions of North America, thus creating contexts favourable to the formulation of historical discourse. In the course of this dissertation, we analyze whether this discourse contributed to the great historical narrative of the French-Canadian nation, or if it proposed a region-specific narrative. The dissertation compares the historiography produced in Quebec to that emerging in the periphery, in Ontario, Western Canada and New England, examining more specifically the representations of historical territory and the development of a discours d’enracinement (or a sense of rootedness). This comparative study provides a better understanding of the dynamics between regions and nation that influence historical narrative in French Canadian history. Spanning more than a century, the study focuses on certain key moments in historical production in Quebec and in the selected regions we study. By drawing parallels between historical production in Quebec and in various minority settings, we examine the points of convergence and divergences between historical work in the regions and in Quebec. This dissertation therefore examines the place of the nation and the region in historical discourse, through the analysis of the discours d’enracinement or sense of rootedness, in order to understand the role it plays in Quebec’s historiography and in historical work being produced in the French Canadian diaspora until the 1960s. The objective here is to highlight regional experiences and the similarities and contrasts that have generally escaped researchers.

In this master’s thesis, we sought to showcase the permutations of the colours of textile products bought during the sixty-two years under the Avignon papacy (1316-1378). The objective of this research is to develop a systematic and synthetic database that lists the permutations of coloured fabrics purchased by the Avignon papacy in the 14th century that are listed and compiled in the Introitus and Exitus. Our study also aims to explain the trends in the occurrence of these permutations using studies on the symbolism of colours in the 14th century. To be able to analyze the data that we collected and systematized, we called upon additional studies regarding the administration of the papacy, the symbolism of colours in the 14th century, the art of dyeing and the use of clothing. At the end of this study, we can maintain that the Avignon papacy allocates an important role to colours, hence the presence of many colours in the analyzed registers. The manifestations of these various colours are influenced by their symbolism in the 14th century, their dyeing techniques, and the intended use of coloured fabrics. Thus, red, white, green and brown are the most mentioned colours of textile products, these colours being in great demand because of their symbolism and their intended use with the Curia and Panhota. The appearances of gold, orange, violet, silver, purple, gray, black and blue are rarer, because of their price and the difficulties of obtaining fabrics of these colors.

Since the arrival of social history in the 1960s, the military history of Canada under the French Regime has been enriched by several studies of soldiers. Historians of justice have also investigated the rank and file as a social group. These studies – which were not exclusively devoted to soldiers – adopted a quantitative approach. Though historians have viewed various aspects of soldiers’ lives, none have singled out criminality. That is precisely what this thesis attempts to do, by exploiting principally the judicial archives. More precisely, it analyzes criminal trials involving soldiers, relying as well on Ancien Regime jurisprudence to help place soldiers’ criminality in perspective. The trials offer a view of the different forms of this criminality and of some of the contributing factors. Lastly, several trials in addition to the colonial correspondence show that the army, not just a war machine, also played role in the rehabilitation of soldiers inclined to criminal behavior.

This study examines the history of the physical education of Montreal’s young French Canadian girls from 1860 to 1920; from the first manifestations of corporal education in the private education network to the so-called « golden age » of women’s sports in Canada. Firstly, the discourses of French Canadian scientists are analyzed in such a way as to capture their theoretical reflections on the female body in movement and the prescriptions they formulated. Subsequently, this study presents the evolution of sport and gymnastic practices in the Catholic female boarding schools of Montreal held by the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre-Dame and the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary. Proponents of women’s physical education faced certain challenges: how to promote exercise for young women without exposing them to the public space? How to reconcile physical training with the aesthetic ideal of femininity? Finally, how to promote more movement for the juvenile female body without risking its reproductive capacity? Doctors and educators, faced with this dilemma, defined the contours of an acceptable female physical and sports education. However, although the norms disseminated by the predominantly male prescriptive literature were restrictive, innovative practices that met specific objectives started to appear in Montreal’s boarding schools in the 1860s. These practices diversified in the first decades of the twentieth century under the impetus of historical actresses – teaching sisters, gymnastic professors and students.

This thesis proposes to analyze the French representations of the role of women in the Wendat cerermonial universe at the time of New France. Divided into two parts, it first explores the representations of women in France’s Ancien Régime period, focusing on symbolic represen-tations on the one hand and, on the other hand, on the social perceptions of Ancien Régime women. To do this, we consult a vast repertoire of works of socioreligious history which makes it possible to penetrate the French episteme of Ancien Régime regarding the representation of women. The second part is devoted to the ethno-historical analysis of French representations of the role of women in the Wendat ceremonial universe during the New France era. All the French writings constituting Franco-Native contact literature are used to study these representations of rituals re-lated to “fertility”, “healing” and finally “funeral”. In the end, the analysis reveals that, while French observers attest to the “complementary” and “egalitarian” aspect of the gendered interac-tional dynamics governing the Wendat ceremonial universe, they were unable to capture the full extent and value of integration because they assessed the value of ceremonial wendat behaviors according to their degree of adequacy or inadequacy to the project of French colonization and Christian evangelization.

This doctoral thesis aims to study the construction, both physically and symbolically, of newly established and relocated capital cities in Brazil, Canada, and Kazakhstan from the mid-nineteenth century up until the late twentieth century. The research adopts a comparative approach that is informed by perspectives from cultural and political history, the history of architecture, and urban planning. The investigation is grounded in what this thesis claims to be the three sine qua non phases of construction in contemporary capital cities: (a) legislative and executive activities geared toward choosing new sites of government; (b) the adoption of architectural and planning designs for governmental buildings or districts which seek to represent the State in these new sites of government; and (c) inauguration ceremonies for the newly-appointed capital cities in the form of large state-sponsored events, designed to promote the new loci of political power. The exploration of these three historical aspects not only enables one to efficiently grasp the difference between capital cities and other types of cities but also provides an advantageous angle from which to explore the link between statehood and cityhood, as these interact and co-construct each other within the space of contemporary capital cities. Through an analysis of the three phases in three capital cities I propose to rethink the intellectual and political projects of elites and individuals who were involved in the process of each capital’s elaboration, in order to understand how their aspirations and political projects were translated into the material reality of the cities that would be defined as ‘capitals.’ Previous studies essentially regarded capital cities as a by-product of the development of nation-states or empires, taken as separate and unrelated cases, or explored the symbolic meaning of capital cities through a study of their geographical, architectural, and planning arrangements. This thesis strives to demonstrate that the emergence of at least three contemporary capital cities was due to complex and entangled relationships between former empires and current nation-states, for these were also based on the ongoing exclusion of those groups of people who did not fit easily within the official representations of national identity which the ruling elites were attempting to forge.

Examining a specific publication, l’Histoire naturelle des Cétacées (1804), this study seeks to determine how Lacépède managed to compose his classic work of cetology without having seen a single whale in his entire life. The operating hypothesis is that, while referencing numerous well-read naturalists’ and other authors’ works, Lacépède was in fact exploiting the knowledge held by the persons that were the most familiar with the species: the whalers. Since this vernacular maritime knowledge does not appear clearly in the book, we will investigate the naturalist’s methods, sources and relationships with other fellow natural philosophers of the Museum d’histoire naturelle to try to understand the role seamen could have played in this work. To help us examine the complex mechanisms of the circulation of natural knowledge, we will benefit from a bibliography mostly composed with research on the Atlantic world, highly comprehensive on these topics. We will carefully take into consideration the political, scientific and cultural context of early nineteenth century France.

Mythology is often considered a key component of the culture for a given society. It is often used to explain natural and social phenomenon particular to the aforementioned society. The hypothesis guiding this research is that, although mythology is considered culturally linked to a society, there is a basis for creating myths that is common to human kind, like some sort of a mythological blueprint common to all cultures. To verify this hypothesis, this study will focus on comparing Greek and Japanese mythology through the princesses Medea and Pimiko. At first, these princesses might seem to have nothing in common, however after a thorough study, it is possible to see that they are similar in more ways than one. They are, however, not completely identical. This is because some cultural traits truly are unique to a given society. By studying these differences, it is possible to determine what is truly similar between two cultures. However, with the study of mythology, it is considered normal that some information is missing. This can be the result of two deciding factors. The first one is that this piece of information was destroyed at some point in time. The second one is that it never existed in any written form and simply disappeared. This second factor will be discussed at length in this paper.

In this master’s thesis, it was mainly a question of the study of colors in a Book of Hours crafted in the late Middle Ages by the master of Jean d'Albret. This type of document was a book of prayer for the laity. Since, this is still a topic that isn’t really studied, it was decided to analyze illuminations found in this Book of Hours. The themes of these are: the Virgin and the Child, the Adoration of the Magi, Bathsheba in her Bath and Saint Michael against Satan. The main objectives of this study were to identify and demonstrate the origins and cultural buildings of the symbolic of colors in these four images. From this research, it came out that the most important and most used colors in the manuscripts are blue, red, gold, green, white and black. First of all, the symbolic of the color blue is love and it comes from the Virgin Mary. Red is the color of the blood of Christ and it most certainly means strength and courage. However, it can symbolize sin as in the case of King David and Satan. For gold, it represents light, therefore, God himself. In the case of the Magi, it is clear that green symbolizes youth through its association with vegetation and spring revival. White represents the purity of Bathsheba and black on the armor of Saint Michael means humility, because of its link with the clothing of monks.

Les Nouvelles-Hébrides représentent un chapitre oublié du colonialisme européen. Pourtant, entre 1906 et 1980, ce petit archipel d’environ quatre-vingts îles a été gouverné conjointement par la France et la Grande-Bretagne. C’est déjà en soi une grande contradiction : deux nations historiquement opposées ont régi une colonie conjointement dans un siècle connu pour ses rivalités coloniales. Comme le titre de la thèse le suggère, la France et la Grande-Bretagne ne s’entendaient pas sur tous les aspects liés à la gouvernance du condominium franco-britannique des Nouvelles-Hébrides. Même si l’administration conjointe de l’archipel a commencé en 1906, la thèse se concentre sur la période de 1945 à 1980. Cela ne veut pas dire que les événements d’avant 1945 peuvent être ignorés, loin de là. Dans l’introduction et dans le premier chapitre, certains faits remontant à la création du condominium jusqu’à la Seconde Guerre mondiale sont examinés pour mieux comprendre les origines de certains des événements qui jalonnent le chemin vers l’indépendance de l’archipel. Analysant essentiellement les années 1945 à 1970, le premier chapitre souligne l’impact sans précédent que la Seconde Guerre mondiale a eu sur les Nouvelles-Hébrides. Il ne laisse aucun doute qu’aux Nouvelles-Hébrides, les Français et les Britanniques devaient prendre en considération les aspirations et les besoins des peuples mélanésiens. La question foncière et l’aliénation des terres ont été utilisées comme véhicules pour l’affranchissement politique des Mélanésiens. Le lien entre l’éducation et la participation croissante des Mélanésiens dans la vie politique de la colonie est également exploré. Les deuxième et troisième chapitres se concentrent sur une période beaucoup plus restreinte que le premier chapitre (les années 1970 à 1975 pour le deuxième chapitre et les années 1975 à 1977 pour le troisième chapitre). Ces deux chapitres analysent la vie politique aux Nouvelles-Hébrides qui, dans un court laps de temps, a revêtu les caractéristiques d’une démocratie moderne : partis politiques, campagnes électorales et élections. Ils cherchent à éclaircir le rôle et la place de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne sur la scène politique émergente aux Nouvelles-Hébrides. Analysant les années 1978 et 1979, le quatrième chapitre ne laisse plus aucun doute sur le fait que les Nouvelles-Hébrides se dirigeaient vers une indépendance imminente. Il traite en grande partie des dispositions qui furent mises en place pour préparer l’indépendance. Une fois de plus, les positions de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne sont considérées. Finalement, le cinquième chapitre, qui se penche sur l’année 1980, examine les derniers jours du condominium et démontre que l’indépendance n’a pas été obtenue dans la paix, mais plutôt dans le sang. Cette thèse démontre qu’à la veille de l’indépendance des Nouvelles-Hébrides en 1980, les Britanniques avaient l’avantage sur les plans culturel, social et politique par rapport aux Français. Ils exerçaient également une plus grande influence auprès de la population mélanésienne.

Ce mémoire a pour but de comparer l’état du clergé anglo-saxon de la période de la Regularis Concordia du Xe siècle, avec celui du clergé anglo-normand d’après conquête situé entre 1060 et 1150. La base de cette recherche se fera à partir des sources narratives les plus pertinentes pour cette période. Mais celles-ci ne seront utilisées qu’en support puisque l’essentiel de ce mémoire sera basé sur le dépouillement des listes d’archevêques, d’évêques et d’abbés ayant vécu entre 1060 à 1150. Nous détaillerons leurs origines géographiques, les charges qu’ils ont occupées durant leur vie de même que leurs réseaux sociaux. Nous tenterons de démontrer que contrairement à l’idée reçue, il n’y eut pas de véritable réforme du clergé anglo-normand suite à la conquête, mais davantage une mise à jour de ce dernier, et qu’en fait, le modèle de gouvernance qui fut imposé au clergé anglo-normand au tournant du XIIe siècle fut largement inspiré du fonctionnement de l’Église normande.

This thesis explores the role of abolition societies in the enforcement of gradual eman-cipation in the north of the United States in the late-eighteenth century. More specifically, it focuses on the refugees from Saint-Domingue who brought their slaves in the state of Penn-sylvania and New York, and how abolition societies adapted their strategies to cope with the massive arrival of hundreds of these refugees in the 1790s. The first section discusses the gradual end of slavery in the north following the American Revolution, starting with Pennsyl-vania in 1780, and the emergence of abolition societies, especially the Pennsylvania Abolition Society (PAS) and the New-York Manumission Society (NYMS). In addition, this section considers the strategies of anti-slavery activists to promote and protect gradual emancipation and limit the movement of slaves within and without their respective states. The second sec-tion presents a case study of Saint-Domingue refugees coming with their slaves and how they interacted with residual slavery in New York and Pennsylvania. It also illustrates how maneu-vers employed by West-Indian slave owners in order to keep their slaves often failed as a re-sult of the intervention of abolition societies.

This thesis is interested in the Murine eye drops and Listerine antiseptic advertising campaigns published in Québec magazines between 1925 and 1950, a period that corresponds to the beginning of mass publicity. The advertisements for these body products insist on two selling points: beauty and health. How were these ideas presented by the ad creators motivated by increasing their sales, here is the main question that guides our research. Our analysis is more particularly about the selling strategies concerning the ideas of beauty and health and shows that they are many and varied for each product. Our study also aims at emphasizing the evolution of selling strategies through the context, the norms and the values current between 1925 and 1950. We support the assumption that advertisers could change the image and even the function of these products without modifying their components, by insisting more or less on one particular selling point, adjusting their message to socio-economic and cultural events.