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Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la Grande-Bretagne tente de diviser les forces allemandes et de nuire à leur effort de guerre en envoyant des agents dans les pays conquis en Europe et en Asie. Ces agents sont chargés de rapatrier les soldats alliés, de saboter les lignes de communication ennemies ou encore de coordonner la Résistance. Parmi tous les agents parachutés se trouvent une quarantaine de Canadiens recrutés pour leur connaissance du français et envoyés infiltrer la France. L’étude suivante fait état de leur parcours dans les forces spéciales britanniques, de l’importance que prend le caractère francophone des agents, mais surtout de la collaboration entre Londres et Ottawa entourant leur prêt. Comment le Canada soutient-il la Grande-Bretagne dans ses opérations derrière les lignes ennemies? Quel rôle les agents canadiens y occupent-ils? Comment sont-ils perçus par les Britanniques? Grâce aux archives militaires canadiennes et britanniques, particulièrement les correspondances entre les deux pays au sujet des agents et les dossiers militaires des agents, nous explorons la participation canadienne aux forces spéciales britanniques, plus précisément dans le Special Operations Executive et le MI 9. Notre étude s’étend de la création de ces organisations à leur dissolution, de leurs opérations en France à celles en Asie, du recrutement des Canadiens jusqu’à leur retour à la vie civile. Ce mémoire montre que l’expérience et les capacités des agents canadiens acquis en France les rend intéressants auprès des opérations spéciales britanniques au-delà des capacités linguistiques ayant initialement mené à leur recrutement.

En dialogue avec des recherches récentes menées sur les identités multiples des chrétiens de l’Antiquité tardive, cette contribution propose un cas d’étude sur les sermons adressés au peuple de l’évêque gaulois Césaire d’Arles (vers 470-542), plus précisément sur ceux dans lesquels Césaire aborde les pratiques de ses contemporains face à l’abondance d’enfants et l’infertilité, leurs pratiques de guérisons et leurs cultures festives en lien, notamment, avec les fêtes des saints. Miroirs de situations communicationnelles précises, ces sermons permettent de saisir, malgré leur aspect rhétorique, les tensions existant entre le discours épiscopal de Césaire traitant des enjeux de pastorale et de pouvoir épiscopal d’une part, et l’adhésion des chrétiens à des pratiques sociales, jugées incompatibles avec une identité chrétienne d’autre part. Ces sermons montrent en filigrane l’existence d‘une opposition entre deux modèles d’organisation de références identitaires : un modèle pyramidal qui classe toutes les références identitaires par rapport à la seule christianité versus un modèle latéral de ces mêmes références qui suppose qu’en fonction de situations quotidiennes concrètes, la christianité revêtait, pour les croyants, une importance variable. Ce cas d’étude ne permet pas seulement de souligner l’importance d’un regard scientifique équilibré sur les croyances et les pratiques, mais aussi les limites d’une classification de pratiques jugées tantôt religieuses, tantôt sociales.

An article from Cap-aux-Diamants, on Érudit.

An article from Relations, on Érudit.

Cet article traite de l'engagement de la NAACP dans ses efforts anti-occupation américaine d'Haïti entre 1915 et 1922.

Découlant des retombées de notre thèse de doctorat et à travers l’analyse de deux entretiens oraux (issus d’un corpus plus ample de 47 entretiens réalisés entre 2018 et 2021 avec des Haïtiens installés au Québec), nous voulons ici réfléchir à la manière dont les expériences des femmes sous les Duvalier furent appréhendées par les participants à notre étude, notamment en ce qui concerne l’enjeu des violences sexualisées et des rôles de genre. S’il reste encore à écrire sur la complexité des expériences des femmes pendant cette période, notre propre ébauche démontre comment ce silence presque institutionnalisé sur la dictature et le tabou relatif à toutes discussions sur les violences sexualisées nuisent à une appréciation plus complète et raffinée de l’ampleur même de la violence duvaliériste.

During the Warring States period, scholars and statesmen spent much time debati...

Recent discoveries of legal and administrative documents from the Qin and early Han have allowed us to form a much better perspective on the systems these two states implemented to govern their land and people. Texts from sites such as Shuihudi, Zhangjiashan, Liye, in particular, shed much light on how the state attempted to keep track of its population, through an expansive bureaucratic system that kept census records and tied individuals to their place of residence. These technologies of governance strengthened the state and laid the foundations for subsequent bureaucratic systems. Integral to this system was the requirement that the people make their own individual census reports and aid the state in enforcing the laws through the system of linked liability. Anthony Barbieri-Low and Robin Yates’ recent publication Law, State, and Society in early Imperial China gives us a detailed overview of how the state used the legal system to govern the population. This presentation will investigate the alternate side of the topic, by looking at the people, rather than the state. Using similar source materials, particularly the legal statutes and the Book of Submitted Doubtful Cases from Zhangjiashan, my research looks at how these legal and social systems, particularly the census exercises, caused people to change their own behaviour, and how people shaped their identities through these systems. These individual attempts at governing the self functioned in tandem with the state bureaucracy, whether intentionally or not, to create a more governable population.

The archaeological fieldwork conducted in Greece in 2019 and 2020 under the aegis of the Canadian Institute in Greece is reported here, based on the presentation given by the director at the Institute's annual Open Meeting in 2021.

The arrival of handwriting recognition technologies offers new possibilities for research in heritage studies. However, it is now necessary to reflect on the experiences and the practices developed by research teams. Our use of the Transkribus platform since 2018 has led us to search for the most significant ways to improve the performance of our handwritten text recognition (HTR) models which are made to transcribe French handwriting dating from the 17th century. This article therefore reports on the impacts of creating transcribing protocols, using the language model at full scale and determining the best way to use base models in order to help increase the performance of HTR models. Combining all of these elements can indeed increase the performance of a single model by more than 20% (reaching a Character Error Rate below 5%). This article also discusses some challenges regarding the collaborative nature of HTR platforms such as Transkribus and the way researchers can share their data generated in the process of creating or training handwritten text recognition models.

The Decade of Vaccines is a comprehensive review of the history of vaccines in the Canadian province of Quebec, a province in mutation attracted by alternatives to biomedicine, backed by a dynamic process of hierarchization of health risks. This chapter examines vaccine hesitancy as a spectrum of situated individual and collective behaviors regarding immunization to highlight the vaccine selections that resulted from the political and sanitary emancipation of a society in mutation. The examination of these hesitations determinants brings to light the impact of the political and sanitary emancipation of a society in mutation attracted by alternatives to biomedicine, backed by a dynamic process of hierarchization of health risks. Analysis reveals, apart from the imprint of the new sciences of vaccinology and immunology, the weight of the state disengaging from mass prevention programs, supported in this direction by the hospital-centered healthcare system and the metamorphoses of contemporary public health. It is in these historical contexts that rational, even innovative, and simultaneously plastic and autonomous forms of preventive moderation unfold. The author notes that the return to mandatory vaccination, which has been enforced or implemented here and there in recent years, in the United States as in Europe, cannot constitute a solution to a societal phenomenon that is constantly adjusting. While the exploration of personalized vaccines remains in the realm of utopia and the pandemic risk has once again materialized, it would be good to rethink what public health means and to reinsert with tact, pedagogy and listening vaccination as a common good.

Context: In Quebec, Bill 31, adopted on March 18, 2020, extended vaccination to pharmacists. Despite many advantages, this new practice comes with public health issues reinforced in the context of COVID-19. Therefore, it is essential to understand the opportunities and challenges of the participation of community pharmacists in influenza vaccination, from a public health perspective by (i) describing the year of 2020-2021 influenza vaccination offer, (ii) its opportunities and challenges, and (iii) its impact on the accessibility of this service newly offered by pharmacists to the most vulnerable people. Methods: This research is a case study from one of the most affected areas by COVID-19 in Canada: Laval. Our method combines documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews with health professionals and public health actors (n = 23). Researchers used a thematic analysis to analyze these results. Results: Most partners (pharmacists, public health administrators) underlined multiple opportunities of this new practice, ie, pharmacists who can vaccinate, particularly for chronically ill patients. However, structural and strategical challenges remain. More specifically, vaccination seemed to only rely on a “first come, first served” basis, which questions public health objectives of vaccination, such as equitable access. Conclusion: The introduction of new actors, such as pharmacists, represents a major opportunity to improve vaccination coverage and reduce the burden of COVID-19 on the health system. However, this delegation of a public health activity to the private sector undoubtedly requires closer coordination with public health institutions.